[
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_Seven o'clock in the morning._\n\nMy waking thoughts are all of thee. Your portrait and the remembrance\nof last night's delirium have robbed my senses of repose. Sweet and\nincomparable Josephine, what an extraordinary influence you have over\nmy heart. Are you vexed? do I see you sad? are you ill at ease? My\nsoul is broken with grief, and there is no rest for your lover. But is\nthere more for me when, delivering ourselves up to the deep feelings\nwhich master me, I breathe out upon your lips, upon your heart, a\nflame which burns me up--ah, it was this past night I realised that\nyour portrait was not you. You start at noon; I shall see you in three\nhours. Meanwhile, _mio dolce amor_, accept a thousand kisses,[14] but\ngive me none, for they fire my blood.\n\n  N. B.\n\n  _A Madame Beauharnais._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _March 9th.--Bonaparte marries Josephine._\n\n  _March 11th.--Bonaparte leaves Paris to join his army._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Chanceaux Post House,\n  March 14, 1796._\n\nI wrote you at Chatillon, and sent you a power of attorney to enable\nyou to receive various sums of money in course of remittance to me.\nEvery moment separates me further from you, my beloved, and every\nmoment I have less energy to exist so far from you. You are the\nconstant object of my thoughts; I exhaust my imagination in thinking\nof what you are doing. If I see you unhappy, my heart is torn, and my\ngrief grows greater. If you are gay and lively among your friends\n(male and female), I reproach you with having so soon forgotten the\nsorrowful separation three days ago; thence you must be fickle, and\nhenceforward stirred by no deep emotions. So you see I am not easy to\nsatisfy; but, my dear, I have quite different sensations when I fear\nthat your health may be affected, or that you have cause to be\nannoyed; then I regret the haste with which I was separated from my\ndarling. I feel, in fact, that your natural kindness of heart exists\nno longer for me, and it is only when I am quite sure you are not\nvexed that I am satisfied. If I were asked how I slept, I feel that\nbefore replying I should have to get a message to tell me that you had\nhad a good night. The ailments, the passions of men influence me only\nwhen I imagine they may reach you, my dear. May my good genius, which\nhas always preserved me in the midst of great dangers, surround you,\nenfold you, while I will face my fate unguarded. Ah! be not gay, but a\ntrifle melancholy; and especially may your soul be free from worries,\nas your body from illness: you know what our good Ossian says on this\nsubject. Write me, dear, and at full length, and accept the thousand\nand one kisses of your most devoted and faithful friend.\n\n[This letter is translated from St. Amand's _La Citoyenne Bonaparte_,\np. 3, 1892.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _March 27th.--Arrival at Nice and proclamation to the soldiers._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_April 3rd.--He is at Mentone._\n\n  _Port Maurice, April 3rd._\n\nI have received all your letters, but none has affected me like the\nlast. How can you think, my charmer, of writing me in such terms? Do\nyou believe that my position is not already painful enough without\nfurther increasing my regrets and subverting my reason. What\neloquence, what feelings you portray; they are of fire, they inflame\nmy poor heart! My unique Josephine, away from you there is no more\njoy--away from thee the world is a wilderness, in which I stand alone,\nand without experiencing the bliss of unburdening my soul. You have\nrobbed me of more than my soul; you are the one only thought of my\nlife. When I am weary of the worries of my profession, when I mistrust\nthe issue, when men disgust me, when I am ready to curse my life, I\nput my hand on my heart where your portrait beats in unison. I look at\nit, and love is for me complete happiness; and everything laughs for\njoy, except the time during which I find myself absent from my\nbeloved.\n\nBy what art have you learnt how to captivate all my faculties, to\nconcentrate in yourself my spiritual existence--it is witchery, dear\nlove, which will end only with me. To live for Josephine, that is the\nhistory of my life. I am struggling to get near you, I am dying to be\nby your side; fool that I am, I fail to realise how far off I am, that\nlands and provinces separate us. What an age it will be before you\nread these lines, the weak expressions of the fevered soul in which\nyou reign. Ah, my winsome wife, I know not what fate awaits me, but if\nit keeps me much longer from you it will be unbearable--my strength\nwill not last out. There was a time in which I prided myself on my\nstrength, and, sometimes, when casting my eyes on the ills which men\nmight do me, on the fate that destiny might have in store for me, I\nhave gazed steadfastly on the most incredible misfortunes without a\nwrinkle on my brow or a vestige of surprise: but to-day the thought\nthat my Josephine might be ill; and, above all, the cruel, the fatal\nthought that she might love me less, blights my soul, stops my blood,\nmakes me wretched and dejected, without even leaving me the courage of\nfury and despair. I often used to say that men have no power over him\nwho dies without regrets; but, to-day, to die without your love, to\ndie in uncertainty of that, is the torment of hell, it is a lifelike\nand terrifying figure of absolute annihilation--I feel passion\nstrangling me. My unique companion! you whom Fate has destined to walk\nwith me the painful path of life! the day on which I no longer possess\nyour heart will be that on which parched Nature will be for me without\nwarmth and without vegetation. I stop, dear love! my soul is sad, my\nbody tired, my spirit dazed, men worry me--I ought indeed to detest\nthem; they keep me from my beloved.\n\nI am at Port Maurice, near Oneille; to-morrow I shall be at Albenga.\nThe two armies are in motion. We are trying to deceive each\nother--victory to the most skilful! I am pretty well satisfied with\nBeaulieu; he need be a much stronger man than his predecessor to alarm\nme much. I expect to give him a good drubbing. Don't be anxious; love\nme as thine eyes, but that is not enough; as thyself, more than\nthyself; as thy thoughts, thy mind, thy sight, thy all. Dear love,\nforgive me, I am exhausted; nature is weak for him who feels acutely,\nfor him whom you inspire.\n\n  N. B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nKind regards to Barras, Sussi, Madame Tallien; compliments to Madame\nChateau Renard; to Eugene and Hortense best love. Adieu, adieu! I lie\ndown without thee, I shall sleep without thee; I pray thee, let me\nsleep. Many times I shall clasp thee in my arms, but, but--it is not\nthee.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte chez la\n  citoyenne Beauharnais,\n  Rue Chantereine No. 6, Paris._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_Albenga, April 5th._\n\nIt is an hour after midnight. They have just brought me a letter. It\nis a sad one, my mind is distressed--it is the death of Chauvet. He\nwas _commissionaire ordinateur en chef_ of the army; you have\nsometimes seen him at the house of Barras. My love, I feel the need of\nconsolation. It is by writing to thee, to thee alone, the thought of\nwhom can so influence my moral being, to whom I must pour out my\ntroubles. What means the future? what means the past? what are we\nourselves? what magic fluid surrounds and hides from us the things\nthat it behoves us most to know? We are born, we live, we die in the\nmidst of marvels; is it astounding that priests, astrologers,\ncharlatans have profited by this propensity, by this strange\ncircumstance, to exploit our ideas, and direct them to their own\nadvantage. Chauvet is dead. He was attached to me. He has rendered\nessential service to the fatherland. His last words were that he was\nstarting to join me. Yes, I see his ghost; it hovers everywhere, it\nwhistles in the air. His soul is in the clouds, he will be propitious\nto my destiny. But, fool that I am, I shed tears for our friendship,\nand who shall tell me that I have not already to bewail the\nirreparable. Soul of my life, write me by every courier, else I shall\nnot know how to exist. I am very busy here. Beaulieu is moving his\narmy again. We are face to face. I am rather tired; I am every day on\nhorseback. Adieu, adieu, adieu; I am going to dream of you. Sleep\nconsoles me; it places you by my side, I clasp you in my arms. But on\nwaking, alas! I find myself three hundred leagues from you.\nRemembrances to Barras, Tallien, and his wife.\n\n  N. B.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte chez la\n  citoyenne Beauharnais,\n  Rue Chantereine No. 6, Paris._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_Albenga, April 7th._\n\nI have received the letter that you break off, in order, you say, to\ngo into the country; and in spite of that you give me to understand\nthat you are jealous of me, who am here, overwhelmed with business and\nfatigue. Ah, my dear, it is true I am wrong. In the spring the country\nis beautiful, and then the lover of nineteen will doubtless find means\nto spare an extra moment to write to him who, distant three hundred\nleagues from thee, lives, enjoys, exists only in thoughts of thee, who\nreads thy letters as one devours, after six hours' hunting, the meat\nhe likes best. I am not satisfied with your last letter; it is cold as\nfriendship. I have not found that fire which kindles your looks, and\nwhich I have sometimes fancied I found there. But how infatuated I am.\nI found your previous letters weigh too heavily on my mind. The\nrevolution which they produced there invaded my rest, and took my\nfaculties captive. I desired more frigid letters, but they gave me the\nchill of death. Not to be loved by Josephine, the thought of finding\nher inconstant ... but I am forging troubles--there are so many real\nones, there is no need to manufacture more! You cannot have inspired a\nboundless love without sharing it, for a cultured mind and a soul like\nyours cannot requite complete surrender and devotion with the\ndeath-blow.\n\nI have received the letter from Madame Chateau Renard. I have written\nto the Minister. I will write to the former to-morrow, to whom you\nwill make the usual compliments. Kind regards to Madame Tallien and\nBarras.\n\nYou do not speak of your wretched indigestion--I hate it. Adieu, till\nto-morrow, _mio dolce amor_. A remembrance from my unique wife, and a\nvictory from Destiny--these are my wishes: a unique remembrance\nentirely worthy of him who thinks of thee every moment.\n\nMy brother is here; he has learnt of my marriage with pleasure. He\nlongs to see you. I am trying to prevail on him to go to Paris--his\nwife has just borne him a girl. He sends you a gift of a box of Genoa\nbonbons. You will receive oranges, perfumes, and orange-flower water,\nwhich I am sending.\n\nJunot and Murat present their respects to you.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte,_\n  _Rue Chantereine No. 6,_ (Address not in B.'s writing.)\n  _Chaussee d'Antin, Paris._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 10th.--Campaign opens (Napoleon's available troops about\n  35,000)._\n\n  _April 11th.--Colonel Rampon, with 1200 men, breaks the attack of\n  D'Argenteau, giving Napoleon time to come up._\n\n  _April 12th.--Battle of Montenotte, Austrians defeated. Lose 3500\n  men (2000 prisoners), 5 guns, and 4 stand of colours._\n\n  _April 14th.--Battle of Millesimo, Austrians and Sardinians\n  defeated. Lose over 6000 prisoners, 2 generals, 4500 killed and\n  wounded, 32 guns, and 15 stand of colours. Lannes made Colonel on\n  the battlefield._\n\n  _April 15th.--Battle of Dego, the allies defeated and separated._\n\n  _April 22nd.--Battle of Mondovi, Sardinians defeated. Lose 3000\n  men, 8 guns, 10 stand of colours._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_Carru, April 24th._\n\n_To My Sweet Love._--My brother will remit you this letter. I have for\nhim the most lively affection. I trust he will obtain yours; he merits\nit. Nature has endowed him with a gentle, even, and unalterably good\ndisposition; he is made up of good qualities. I am writing Barras to\nhelp him to the Consulate of some Italian port. He wishes to live with\nhis little wife far from the great whirlwind, and from great events. I\nrecommend him to you. I have received your letters of (April) the\nfifth and tenth. You have been several days without writing me. What\n_are_ you doing then? Yes, my kind, kind love, I am not jealous, but\nsometimes uneasy. Come soon. I warn you, if you tarry you will find me\nill; fatigue and your absence are too much for me at the same time.\n\nYour letters make up my daily pleasure, and my happy days are not\noften. Junot bears to Paris twenty-two flags. You ought to return with\nhim, do you understand? Be ready, if that is not disagreeable to you.\nShould he not come, woe without remedy; should he come back to me\nalone, grief without consolation, constant anxiety. My Beloved, he\nwill see you, he will breathe on your temples; perhaps you will accord\nhim the unique and priceless favour of kissing your cheek, and I, I\nshall be alone and very far away; but you are about to come, are you\nnot? You will soon be beside me, on my breast, in my arms, over your\nmouth. Take wings, come quickly, but travel gently. The route is long,\nbad, fatiguing. If you should be overturned or be taken ill, if\nfatigue--go gently, my beloved.\n\nI have received a letter from Hortense. She is entirely lovable. I am\ngoing to write to her. I love her much, and I will soon send her the\nperfumes that she wants.\n\n  N. B.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nI know not if you want money, for you never speak to me of business.\nIf you do, will you ask my brother for it--he has 200 louis of mine!\nIf you want a place for any one you can send him; I will give him one.\nChateau Renard may come too.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte, &c._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 28th.--Armistice of Cherasco (submission of Sardinia to\n  France): peace signed May 15th._\n\n  _May 7th.--Bonaparte passed the Po at Placentia, and attacks\n  Beaulieu, who has 40,000 Austrians._\n\n  _May 8th.--Austrians defeated at Fombio. Lose 2500 prisoners,\n  guns, and 3 standards. Skirmish of Codogno--death of General La\n  Harpe._\n\n  _May 9th.--Capitulation of Parma by the Grand Duke, who pays\n  ransom of 2 million francs, 1600 artillery horses, food, and 20\n  paintings._\n\n  _May 10th.--Passage of Bridge of Lodi. Austrians lose 2000 men and\n  20 cannon._\n\n  _May 14th.--Bonaparte was requested to divide his command, and\n  thereupon tendered his resignation._\n\n  _May 15th.--Bonaparte enters Milan. Lombardy pays ransom of 20\n  million francs; and the Duke of Modena 10 millions, and 20\n  pictures._\n\n  _May 24th-25th.--Revolt of Lombardy, and punishment of Pavia by\n  the French._\n\n  _May 30th-31st.--Bonaparte defeats Beaulieu at Borghetto, crosses\n  the Mincio, and makes French cavalry fight (a new feature for the\n  Republican troops)._\n\n  _June 3rd.--Occupies Verona, and secures the line of the Adige._\n\n  _June 4th._--Battle of Altenkirchen (Franconia) won by Jourdan.\n\n  _June 5th.--Armistice with Naples. Their troops secede from the\n  Austrian army._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE.\n\n  _Tortona, Noon, June 15th._\n\nMy life is a perpetual nightmare. A presentiment of ill oppresses me.\nI see you no longer. I have lost more than life, more than happiness,\nmore than my rest. I am almost without hope. I hasten to send a\ncourier to you. He will stay only four hours in Paris, and then\nbring me your reply. Write me ten pages. That alone can console me a\nlittle. You are ill, you love me, I have made you unhappy, you are in\ndelicate health, and I do not see you!--that thought overwhelms me. I\nhave done you so much wrong that I know not how to atone for it; I\naccuse you of staying in Paris, and you were ill there. Forgive me,\nmy dear; the love with which you have inspired me has bereft me of\nreason. I shall never find it again. It is an ill for which there\nis no cure. My presentiments are so ominous that I would confine\nmyself to merely seeing you, to pressing you for two hours to my\nheart--and then dying with you. Who looks after you? I expect you\nhave sent for Hortense. I love that sweet child a thousand times more\nwhen I think she can console you a little, though for me there is\nneither consolation nor repose, nor hope until the courier that I\nhave sent comes back; and until, in a long letter, you explain to me\nwhat is the nature of your illness, and to what extent it is\nserious; if it be dangerous, I warn you, I start at once for\nParis. My coming shall coincide with your illness. I have always\nbeen fortunate, never has my destiny resisted my will, and to-day I\nam hurt in what touches me solely (_uniquement_). Josephine, how\ncan you remain so long without writing to me; your last laconic\nletter is dated May 22. Moreover, it is a distressing one for me, but\nI always keep it in my pocket; your portrait and letters are\nperpetually before my eyes.\n\nI am nothing without you. I scarcely imagine how I existed without\nknowing you. Ah! Josephine, had you known my heart would you have\nwaited from May 18th to June 4th before starting? Would you have given\nan ear to perfidious friends who are perhaps desirous of keeping you\naway from me? I openly avow it to every one, I hate everybody who is\nnear you. I expected you to set out on May 24th, and arrive on June\n3rd.\n\nJosephine, if you love me, if you realise how everything depends on\nyour health, take care of yourself. I dare not tell you not to\nundertake so long a journey, and that, too, in the hot weather. At\nleast, if you are fit to make it, come by short stages; write me at\nevery sleeping-place, and despatch your letters in advance.\n\nAll my thoughts are concentrated in thy boudoir, in thy bed, on thy\nheart. Thy illness!--that is what occupies me night and day. Without\nappetite, without sleep, without care for my friends, for glory, for\nfatherland, you, you alone--the rest of the world exists no more for\nme than if it were annihilated. I prize honour since you prize it, I\nprize victory since it pleases you; without that I should leave\neverything in order to fling myself at your feet.\n\nSometimes I tell myself that I alarm myself unnecessarily; that even\nnow she is better, that she is starting, has started, is perhaps\nalready at Lyons. Vain fancies! you are in bed suffering, more\nbeautiful, more interesting, more lovable. You are pale and your eyes\nare more languishing, but when will you be cured? If one of us ought\nto be ill it is I--more robust, more courageous; I should support\nillness more easily. Destiny is cruel, it strikes at me through you.\n\nWhat consoles me sometimes is to think that it is in the power of\ndestiny to make you ill; but it is in the power of no one to make me\nsurvive you.\n\nIn your letter, dear, be sure to tell me that you are convinced that I\nlove you more than it is possible to imagine; that you are persuaded\nthat all my moments are consecrated to you; that to think of any other\nwoman has never entered my head--they are all in my eyes without\ngrace, wit, or beauty; that you, you alone, such as I see you, such as\nyou are, can please me, and absorb all the faculties of my mind; that\nyou have traversed its whole extent; that my heart has no recess into\nwhich you have not seen, no thoughts which are not subordinate to\nyours; that my strength, my prowess, my spirit are all yours; that my\nsoul is in your body; and that the day on which you change or cease to\nlive will be my death-day; that Nature, that Earth, is beautiful only\nbecause you dwell therein. If you do not believe all this, if your\nsoul is not convinced, penetrated by it, you grieve me, you do not\nlove me--there is a magnetic fluid between people who love one\nanother--you know perfectly well that I could not brook a rival, much\nless offer you one.[15] To tear out his heart and to see him would be\nfor me one and the same thing, and then if I were to carry my hands\nagainst your sacred person--no, I should never dare to do it; but I\nwould quit a life in which the most virtuous of women had deceived\nme.\n\nBut I am sure and proud of your love; misfortunes are the trials which\nreveal to each mutually the whole force of our passion. A child as\ncharming as its mamma will soon see the daylight, and will pass many\nyears in your arms. Hapless me! I would be happy with one _day_. A\nthousand kisses on your eyes, your lips, your tongue, your heart. Most\ncharming of thy sex, what is thy power over me? I am very sick of thy\nsickness; I have still a burning fever! Do not keep the courier more\nthan six hours, and let him return at once to bring me the longed-for\nletter of my Beloved.\n\nDo you remember my dream, in which I was your boots, your dress, and\nin which I made you come bodily into my heart? Why has not Nature\narranged matters in this way; she has much to do yet.\n\n  N. B.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte, &c._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 18th.--Bonaparte enters Modena, and takes 50 cannon at\n  Urbino._\n\n  _June 19th.--Occupies Bologna, and takes 114 cannon._\n\n  _June 23rd.--Armistice with Rome. The Pope to pay 21 millions, 100\n  rare pictures, 200 MSS., and to close his ports to the English._\n\n  _June 24th._--Desaix, with part of Moreau's army, forces the\n  passage of the Rhine.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE.\n\n  _Pistoia, Tuscany, June 26th._\n\nFor a month I have only received from my dear love two letters of\nthree lines each. Is she so busy, that writing to her dear love is not\nthen needful for her, nor, consequently, thinking about him? To live\nwithout thinking of Josephine would be death and annihilation to your\nhusband. Your image gilds my fancies, and enlivens the black and\nsombre picture of melancholy and grief. A day perhaps may come in\nwhich I shall see you, for I doubt not you will be still at Paris, and\nverily on that day I will show you my pockets stuffed with letters\nthat I have not sent you because they are too foolish (_bete_). Yes,\nthat's the word. Good heavens! tell me, you who know so well how to\nmake others love you without being in love yourself, do you know how\nto cure me of love??? I will give a good price for that remedy.\n\nYou ought to have started on May 24th. Being good-natured, I waited\ntill June 1st, as if a pretty woman would give up her habits, her\nfriends, both Madame Tallien and a dinner with Barras, and the acting\nof a new play, and Fortune; yes, Fortune, whom you love much more than\nyour husband, for whom you have only a little of the esteem, and a\nshare of that benevolence with which your heart abounds. Every day I\ncount up your misdeeds. I lash myself to fury in order to love you no\nmore. Bah, don't I love you the more? In fact, my peerless little\nmother, I will tell you my secret. Set me at defiance, stay at Paris,\nhave lovers--let everybody know it--never write me a monosyllable!\nthen I shall love you ten times more for it; and it is not folly, a\ndelirious fever! and I shall not get the better of it. Oh! would to\nheaven I could get better! but don't tell me you are ill, don't try to\njustify yourself. Good heavens! you are pardoned. I love you to\ndistraction, and never will my poor heart cease to give all for love.\nIf you did not love me, my fate would be indeed grotesque. You have\nnot written me; you are ill, you do not come. But you have passed\nLyons; you will be at Turin on the 28th, at Milan on the 30th, where\nyou will wait for me. You will be in Italy, and I shall be still far\nfrom you. Adieu, my well-beloved; a kiss on thy mouth, another on thy\nheart.\n\nWe have made peace with Rome--who gives us money. To-morrow we shall\nbe at Leghorn, and as soon as I can in your arms, at your feet, on\nyour bosom.\n\n  _A la citoyenne Bonaparte, &c._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 27th.--Leghorn occupied by Murat and Vaubois._\n\n  _June 29th.--Surrender of citadel of Milan; 1600 prisoners and 150\n  cannon taken._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [14] _Un millier de baise_ (sic).\n\n  [15] So Tennant (_t'en offrir un_): but Baron Feuillet de Conches, an\n       expert in Napoleonic graphology, renders the expression _t'en\n       souffrir un_.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES B\n\n(1796-97)\n\n\n\"Des 1796, lorsque, avec 30,000 hommes, il fait la conquete de l'Italie,\nil est non-seulement grand general, mais profond politique.\"--_Des\nIdees Napoleonniennes._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\"Your Government has sent against me four armies without Generals, and\nthis time a General without an army.\"--_Napoleon to the Austrian\nPlenipotentiaries, at Leoben._\n\n\n\n\nSERIES B\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 211-223.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                                          PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Sortie from Mantua_                                      211\n\n  No. 2. _Marmirolo_                                               211\n          _Fortune_                                                212\n\n  No. 3. _The village of Virgil_                                   212\n\n  No. 4. _Achille_                                                 212\n\n  No. 5. _Will-o'-the-Wisp_                                        213\n\n  No. 6. _The needs of the army_                                 213-5\n\n  No. 7. _Brescia_                                                 215\n\n  No. 9. _I hope we shall get into Trent_                          216\n\n  No. 12. _One of these nights the doors will be burst open_     216-8\n\n  No. 13. _Corsica is ours_                                        218\n\n  No. 14. _Verona_                                                 219\n\n  No. 15. _Once more I breathe freely_                             220\n\n  No. 18. \"_The 29th_\"                                             220\n\n  No. 20. _General Brune_                                          221\n\n  No. 21. _February 3rd_                                           221\n\n  No. 24. _Perhaps I shall make peace with the Pope_               222\n\n  No. 25. _The unlimited power you hold over me_                   222",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_July 5th._--Archduke Charles defeated by Moreau at Radstadt.\n\n  _July 6th.--Sortie from Mantua: Austrians fairly successful._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Roverbella, July 6, 1796._\n\nI have beaten the enemy. Kilmaine will send you the copy of the\ndespatch. I am tired to death. Pray start at once for Verona. I need\nyou, for I think that I am going to be very ill.\n\nI send you a thousand kisses. I am in bed.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 9th.--Bonaparte asks Kellermann for reinforcements._\n\n  _July 14th._--Frankfort on the Main captured by Kleber.\n\n  _July 16th.--Sortie from Mantua: Austrians defeated._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_July 17th.--Attempted coup de main at Mantua: French unsuccessful._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Marmirolo_, _July 17, 1796_, 9 P.M.\n\nI got your letter, my beloved; it has filled my heart with joy. I am\ngrateful to you for the trouble you have taken to send me news; your\nhealth should be better to-day--I am sure you are cured. I urge you\nstrongly to ride, which cannot fail to do you good.\n\nEver since I left you, I have been sad. I am only happy when by your\nside. Ceaselessly I recall your kisses, your tears, your enchanting\njealousy; and the charms of the incomparable Josephine keep constantly\nalight a bright and burning flame in my heart and senses. When, free\nfrom every worry, from all business, shall I spend all my moments by\nyour side, to have nothing to do but to love you, and to prove it to\nyou? I shall send your horse, but I am hoping that you will soon be\nable to rejoin me. I thought I loved you some days ago; but, since I\nsaw you, I feel that I love you even a thousand times more. Ever since\nI have known you, I worship you more every day; which proves how false\nis the maxim of La Bruyere that \"Love comes all at once.\" Everything\nin nature has a regular course, and different degrees of growth. Ah!\npray let me see some of your faults; be less beautiful, less gracious,\nless tender, and, especially, less kind; above all never be jealous,\nnever weep; your tears madden me, fire my blood. Be sure that it is no\nlonger possible for me to have a thought except for you, or an idea of\nwhich you shall not be the judge.\n\nHave a good rest. Haste to get well. Come and join me, so that, at\nleast, before dying, we could say--\"We were happy for so many days!!\"\n\nMillions of kisses, and even to Fortune, in spite of his naughtiness.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_July 18th.--Trenches opened before Mantua._\n\n  _July 18th._--Stuttgard occupied by Saint-Cyr, who, like Kleber,\n  is under Moreau.\n\n  _July 18th._--Wurtzburg captured by Klein and Ney (acting under\n  Jourdan).\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Marmirolo, July 18, 1796_, 2 P.M.\n\nI passed the whole night under arms. I ought to have had Mantua by a\nplucky and fortunate coup; but the waters of the lake have suddenly\nfallen, so that the column I had shipped could not land. This evening\nI shall begin a new attempt, but one that will not give such\nsatisfactory results.\n\nI got a letter from Eugene, which I send you. Please write for me to\nthese charming children of yours, and send them some trinkets. Be sure\nto tell them that I love them as if they were my own. What is yours or\nmine is so mixed up in my heart, that there is no difference there.\n\nI am very anxious to know how you are, what you are doing? I have been\nin the village of Virgil, on the banks of the lake, by the silvery\nlight of the moon, and not a moment without dreaming of Josephine.\n\nThe enemy made a general sortie on June 16th; it has killed or wounded\ntwo hundred of our men, but lost five hundred of its own in a\nprecipitous retreat.\n\nI am well. I am Josephine's entirely, and I have no pleasure or\nhappiness except in her society.\n\nThree Neapolitan regiments have arrived at Brescia; they have sundered\nthemselves from the Austrian army, in consequence of the convention I\nhave concluded with M. Pignatelli.\n\nI've lost my snuff-box; please choose me another, rather flat-shaped,\nand write something pretty inside, with your own hair.\n\nA thousand kisses as burning as you are cold. Boundless love, and\nfidelity up to every proof. Before Joseph starts, I wish to speak to\nhim.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Marmirolo, July 19, 1796._\n\nI have been without letters from you for two days. That is at least\nthe thirtieth time to-day that I have made this observation to myself;\nyou are thinking this particularly wearisome; yet you cannot doubt\nthe tender and unique anxiety with which you inspire me.\n\nWe attacked Mantua yesterday. We warmed it up from two batteries with\nred-hot shot and from mortars. All night long that wretched town has\nbeen on fire. The sight was horrible and majestic. We have secured\nseveral of the outworks; we open the first parallel to-night.\nTo-morrow I start for Castiglione with the Staff, and I reckon on\nsleeping there. I have received a courier from Paris. There were two\nletters for you; I have read them. But though this action appears to\nme quite natural, and though you gave me permission to do so the other\nday, I fear you may be vexed, and that is a great trouble to me. I\nshould have liked to have sealed them up again: fie! that would have\nbeen atrocious. If I am to blame, I beg your forgiveness. I swear that\nit is not because I am jealous; assuredly not. I have too high an\nopinion of my beloved for that. I should like you to give me full\npermission to read your letters, then there would be no longer either\nremorse or apprehension.\n\nAchille has just ridden post from Milan; no letters from my beloved!\nAdieu, my unique joy. When will you be able to rejoin me? I shall have\nto fetch you myself from Milan.\n\nA thousand kisses as fiery as my soul, as chaste as yourself.\n\nI have summoned the courier; he tells me that he crossed over to your\nhouse, and that you told him you had no commands. Fie! naughty,\nundutiful, cruel, tyrannous, jolly little monster. You laugh at my\nthreats, at my infatuation; ah, you well know that if I could shut you\nup in my breast, I would put you in prison there!\n\nTell me you are cheerful, in good health, and very affectionate.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Castiglione, July 21, 1796_, 8 A.M.\n\nI am hoping that when I arrive to-night I shall get one of your\nletters. You know, my dear Josephine, the pleasure they give me; and I\nam sure you have pleasure in writing them. I shall start to-night for\nPeschiera, for the mountains of ----, for Verona, and thence I shall\ngo to Mantua, and perhaps to Milan, to receive a kiss, since you\nassure me they are not made of ice. I hope you will be perfectly well\nby then, and will be able to accompany me to headquarters, so that we\nmay not part again. Are you not the soul of my life, and the\nquintessence of my heart's affections?\n\nYour proteges are a little excitable; they are like the will-o'-the-wisp.\nHow glad I am to do something for them which will please you. They will\ngo to Milan. A little patience is requisite in everything.\n\nAdieu, _belle et bonne_, quite unequalled, quite divine. A thousand\nloving kisses.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Castiglione, July 22, 1796._\n\nThe needs of the army require my presence hereabouts; it is impossible\nthat I can leave it to come to Milan. Five or six days would be\nnecessary, and during that time movements may occur whereby my\npresence here would be imperative.\n\nYou assure me your health is good; I beg you therefore to come to\nBrescia. Even now I am sending Murat to prepare apartments for you\nthere in the town, as you desire.\n\nI think you will do well to spend the first night (July 24th) at\nCassano, setting out very late from Milan; and to arrive at Brescia on\nJuly 25th, where the most affectionate of lovers awaits you. I am\ndisconsolate that you can believe, dear, that my heart can reveal\nitself to others as to you; it belongs to you by right of conquest,\nand that conquest will be durable and for ever. I do not know why you\nspeak of Madame T., with whom I do not concern myself in the\nslightest, nor with the women of Brescia. As to the letters which you\nare vexed at my opening, this shall be the last; your letter had not\ncome.\n\nAdieu, _ma tendre amie_, send me news often, come forthwith and join\nme, and be happy and at ease; all goes well, and my heart is yours for\nlife.\n\nBe sure to return to the Adjutant-General Miollis the box of medals\nthat he writes me he has sent you. Men have such false tongues, and\nare so wicked, that it is necessary to have everything exactly on the\nsquare.\n\nGood health, love, and a prompt arrival at Brescia.\n\nI have at Milan a carriage suitable alike for town or country; you can\nmake use of it for the journey. Bring your plate with you, and some of\nthe things you absolutely require.\n\nTravel by easy stages, and during the coolth, so as not to tire\nyourself. Troops only take three days coming to Brescia. Travelling\npost it is only a fourteen hours' journey. I request you to sleep on\nthe 24th at Cassano; I shall come to meet you on the 25th at latest.\n\nAdieu, my own Josephine. A thousand loving kisses.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 29th.--Advance of Wurmser, by the Adige valley, on Mantua,\n  and of Quesdonowich on Brescia, who drives back Massena and\n  Sauret._\n\n  _July 31st.--Siege of Mantua raised._\n\n  _August 3rd.--Bonaparte victorious at Lonato._\n\n  _August 5th.--Augereau victorious at Castiglione, completing the\n  Campaign of Five Days, in which 10,000 prisoners are taken._\n\n  _August 8th.--Verona occupied by Serrurier._\n\n  _August 15th._--(Moreau arrives on the Danube) _Wurmser retreats\n  upon Trent, the capital of Italian Tyrol_.\n\n  _August 18th._--Alliance, offensive and defensive, between France\n  and Spain.\n\n  _September 3rd._--Jourdan routed by Archduke Charles at\n  Wurtzburg.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Brescia, August 30, 1796._\n\nArriving, my beloved, my first thought is to write to you. Your\nhealth, your sweet face and form have not been absent a moment from my\nthoughts the whole day. I shall be comfortable only when I have got\nletters from you. I await them impatiently. You cannot possibly\nimagine my uneasiness. I left you vexed, annoyed, and not well. If the\ndeepest and sincerest affection can make you happy, you ought to\nbe.... I am worked to death.\n\nAdieu, my kind Josephine: love me, keep well, and often, often think\nof me.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Brescia, August 31, 1796._\n\nI start at once for Verona. I had hoped to get a letter from you; and\nI am terribly uneasy about you. You were rather ill when I left; I beg\nyou not to leave me in such uneasiness. You promised me to be more\nregular; and, at the time, your tongue was in harmony with your heart.\nYou, to whom nature has given a kind, genial, and wholly charming\ndisposition, how can you forget the man who loves you with so much\nfervour? No letters from you for three days; and yet I have written to\nyou several times. To be parted is dreadful, the nights are long,\nstupid, and wearisome; the day's work is monotonous.\n\nThis evening, alone with my thoughts, work and correspondence, with\nmen and their stupid schemes, I have not even one letter from you\nwhich I might press to my heart.\n\nThe Staff has gone; I set off in an hour. To-night I get an express\nfrom Paris; there was for you only the enclosed letter, which will\nplease you.\n\nThink of me, live for me, be often with your well-beloved, and be sure\nthat there is only one misfortune that he is afraid of--that of being\nno longer loved by his Josephine. A thousand kisses, very sweet, very\naffectionate, very exclusive.\n\nSend M. Monclas at once to Verona; I will find him a place. He must\nget there before September 4th.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_September 1st.--Bonaparte leaves Verona and directs his troops on\nTrent. Wurmser, reinforced by 20,000 men, leaves his right wing at\nRoveredo, and marches via the Brenta Gorge on Verona._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Ala, September 3, 1796._\n\nWe are in the thick of the fight, my beloved; we have driven in the\nenemy's outposts; we have taken eight or ten of their horses with a\nlike number of riders. My troops are good-humoured and in excellent\nspirits. I hope that we shall do great things, and get into Trent by\nthe fifth.\n\nNo letters from you, which really makes me uneasy; yet they tell me\nyou are well, and have even had an excursion to Lake Como. Every day I\nwait impatiently for the post which will bring me news of you--you\nare well aware how I prize it. Far from you I cannot live, the\nhappiness of my life is near my gentle Josephine. Think of me! Write\nme often, very often: in absence it is the only remedy: it is cruel,\nbut, I hope, will be only temporary.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _September 4th.--Austrian right wing defeated at Roveredo._\n\n  _September 5th.--Bonaparte enters Trent, cutting off Wurmser from\n  his base. Defeats Davidowich on the Lavis and leaves Vaubois to\n  contain this general while he follows Wurmser._\n\n  _September 6th.--Wurmser continues his advance, his outposts\n  occupy Vicenza and Montebello._\n\n  _September 7th.--Combat of Primolano: Austrians defeated. Austrian\n  vanguard attack Verona, but are repulsed by General Kilmaine._\n\n  _September 8th.--Battle of Bassano: Wurmser completely routed, and\n  retires on Legnago._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Montebello, Noon, September 10, 1796._\n\n_My Dear_,--The enemy has lost 18,000 men prisoners; the rest killed\nor wounded. Wurmser, with a column of 1500 cavalry, and 500 infantry,\nhas no resource but to throw himself into Mantua.\n\nNever have we had successes so unvarying and so great. Italy, Friuli,\nthe Tyrol, are assured to the Republic. The Emperor will have to\ncreate a second army: artillery, pontoons, baggage, everything is\ntaken.\n\nIn a few days we shall meet; it is the sweetest reward for my labours\nand anxieties.\n\nA thousand fervent and very affectionate kisses.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _September 11th.--Skirmish at Cerea: Austrians successful.\n  Bonaparte arrives alone, and is nearly captured._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Ronco, September 12, 1796_, 10 A.M.\n\n_My dear Josephine_,--I have been here two days, badly lodged, badly\nfed, and very cross at being so far from you.\n\nWurmser is hemmed in, he has with him 3000 cavalry and 5000 infantry.\nHe is at Porto-Legnago; he is trying to get back into Mantua, but for\nhim that has now become impossible. The moment this matter shall be\nfinished I will be in your arms.\n\nI embrace you a million times.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _September 13th.--Wurmser, brushing aside the few French who\n  oppose him, gains the suburbs of Mantua._\n\n  _September 14th.--Massena attempts a surprise, but is repulsed._\n\n  _September 15th.--Wurmser makes a sortie from St. Georges, but is\n  driven back._\n\n  _September 16th.--And at La Favorite, with like result._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Verona, September 17, 1796._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write very often and you seldom. You are naughty, and\nundutiful; very undutiful, as well as thoughtless. It is disloyal to\ndeceive a poor husband, an affectionate lover. Ought he to lose his\nrights because he is far away, up to the neck in business, worries and\nanxiety. Without his Josephine, without the assurance of her love,\nwhat in the wide world remains for him. What will he do?\n\nYesterday we had a very sanguinary conflict; the enemy has lost\nheavily, and been completely beaten. We have taken from him the\nsuburbs of Mantua.\n\nAdieu, charming Josephine; one of these nights the door will be burst\nopen with a bang, as if by a jealous husband, and in a moment I shall\nbe in your arms.\n\nA thousand affectionate kisses.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 2nd._--(Moreau defeats Latour at Biberach, but then\n  continues his retreat.)\n\n  _October 8th._--Spain declares war against England.\n\n  _October 10th.--Peace with Naples signed._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Modena, October 17, 1796_, 9 P.M.\n\nThe day before yesterday I was out the whole day. Yesterday I kept my\nbed. Fever and a racking headache both prevented me writing to my\nbeloved; but I got your letters. I have pressed them to my heart and\nlips, and the grief of a hundred miles of separation has disappeared.\nAt the present moment I can see you by my side, not capricious and out\nof humour, but gentle, affectionate, with that mellifluent kindness of\nwhich my Josephine is the sole proprietor. It was a dream, judge if it\nhas cured my fever. Your letters are as cold as if you were fifty; we\nmight have been married fifteen years. One finds in them the\nfriendship and feelings of that winter of life. Fie! Josephine. It is\nvery naughty, very unkind, very undutiful of you. What more can you do\nto make me indeed an object for compassion? Love me no longer? Eh,\nthat is already accomplished! Hate me? Well, I prefer that!\nEverything grows stale except ill-will; but indifference, with its\nmarble pulse, its rigid stare, its monotonous demeanour!...\n\nA thousand thousand very heartfelt kisses.\n\nI am rather better. I start to-morrow. The English evacuate the\nMediterranean. Corsica is ours. Good news for France, and for the\narmy.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 25th._--(Moreau recrosses the Rhine.)\n\n  _November 1st.--Advance of Marshal Alvinzi. Vaubois defeated by\n  Davidovich on November 5th, after two days' fight._\n\n  _November 6th.--Napoleon successful, but Vaubois' defeat compels\n  the French army to return to Verona._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Verona, November 9, 1796._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have been at Verona since the day before yesterday.\nAlthough tired, I am very well, very busy; and I love you passionately\nat all times. I am just off on horseback.\n\nI embrace you a thousand times.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 12th.--Combat of Caldiero: Napoleon fails to turn the\n  Austrian position, owing to heavy rains. His position desperate._\n\n  _November 15th.--First battle of Arcola. French gain partial\n  victory._\n\n  _November 16th and 17th.--Second battle of Arcola. French\n  completely victorious \"Lodi was nothing to Arcola\" (Bourrienne)._\n\n  _November 17th._--Death of Czarina Catherine II. of Russia.\n\n  _November 18th.--Napoleon victoriously re-enters Verona by the\n  Venice gate, having left it, apparently in full retreat, on the\n  night of the 14th by the Milan gate._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "From BOURRIENNE'S \"LIFE OF NAPOLEON,\" vol. i. chap. 4.\n\n  _Verona, November 19th, Noon._\n\n_My Adored Josephine_,--Once more I breathe freely. Death is no\nlonger before me, and glory and honour are once more re-established.\nThe enemy is beaten at Arcola. To-morrow we will repair Vaubois'\nblunder of abandoning Rivoli. In a week Mantua will be ours, and\nthen your husband will clasp you in his arms, and give you a\nthousand proofs of his ardent affection. I shall proceed to Milan as\nsoon as I can; I am rather tired. I have received letters from\nEugene and Hortense--charming young people. I will send them to\nyou as soon as I find my belongings, which are at present somewhat\ndispersed.\n\nWe have made five thousand prisoners, and killed at least six thousand\nof the enemy. Good-bye, my adored Josephine. Think of me often. If you\ncease to love your Achilles, if for him your heart grows cold, you\nwill be very cruel, very unjust. But I am sure you will always remain\nmy faithful mistress, as I shall ever remain your fond lover. Death\nalone can break the chain which sympathy, love, and sentiment have\nforged. Let me have news of your health. A thousand and a thousand\nkisses.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Verona, November 23, 1796._\n\nI don't love you an atom; on the contrary, I detest you. You are a\ngood for nothing, very ungraceful, very tactless, very tatterdemalion.\nYou never write to me; you don't care for your husband; you know the\npleasure your letters give him, and you write him barely half-a-dozen\nlines, thrown off anyhow.\n\nHow, then, do you spend the livelong day, madam? What business of\nsuch importance robs you of the time to write to your very kind lover?\nWhat inclination stifles and alienates love, the affectionate and\nunvarying love which you promised me? Who may this paragon be, this\nnew lover who engrosses all your time, is master of your days, and\nprevents you from concerning yourself about your husband? Josephine,\nbe vigilant; one fine night the doors will be broken in, and I shall\nbe before you.\n\nTruly, my dear, I am uneasy at getting no news from you. Write me four\npages immediately, and some of those charming remarks which fill my\nheart with the pleasures of imagination.\n\nI hope that before long I shall clasp you in my arms, and cover you\nwith a million kisses as burning as if under the equator.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "_Verona, November 24, 1796._\n\nI hope soon, darling, to be in your arms. I love you to distraction. I\nam writing to Paris by this courier. All goes well. Wurmser was beaten\nyesterday under Mantua. Your husband only needs Josephine's love to be\nhappy.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT GENOA.\n\n  _Milan_, _November 27, 1796_, 3 P.M.\n\nI get to Milan; I fling myself into your room; I have left all in\norder to see you, to clasp you in my arms.... You were not there. You\ngad about the towns amid junketings; you run farther from me when I am\nat hand; you care no longer for your dear Napoleon. A passing fancy\nmade you love him; fickleness renders him indifferent to you.\n\nUsed to perils, I know the remedy for weariness and the ills of life.\nThe ill-luck that I now suffer is past all calculations; I did right\nnot to anticipate it.\n\nI shall be here till the evening of the 29th. Don't alter your plans;\nhave your fling of pleasure; happiness was invented for you. The whole\nworld is only too happy if it can please you, and only your husband is\nvery, very unhappy.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT GENOA.\n\n  _Milan_, _November 28, 1796_, 8 P.M.\n\nI have received the courier whom Berthier had hurried on to Genoa. You\nhave not had time to write me, I feel it intuitively. Surrounded with\npleasures and pastimes, you would be wrong to make the least sacrifice\nfor me. Berthier has been good enough to show me the letter which you\nwrote him. My intention is that you should not make the least change\nin your plans, nor with respect to the pleasure parties in your\nhonour; I am of no consequence, either the happiness or the misery of\na man whom you don't love is a matter of no moment.\n\nFor my part, to love you only, to make you happy, to do nothing which\nmay vex you, that is the object and goal of my life.\n\nBe happy, do not reproach me, do not concern yourself in the happiness\nof a man who lives only in your life, rejoices only in your pleasure\nand happiness. When I exacted from you a love like my own I was wrong;\nwhy expect lace to weigh as heavy as gold? When I sacrifice to you all\nmy desires, all my thoughts, every moment of my life, I obey the sway\nwhich your charms, your disposition, and your whole personality have\nso effectively exerted over my unfortunate heart. I was wrong, since\nnature has not given me attractions with which to captivate you; but\nwhat I do deserve from Josephine is her regard and esteem, for I love\nher frantically and uniquely.\n\nFarewell, beloved wife; farewell, my Josephine. May fate concentrate\nin my breast all the griefs and troubles, but may it give Josephine\nhappy and prosperous days. Who deserves them more? When it shall be\nquite settled that she can love me no more, I will hide my profound\ngrief, and will content myself with the power of being useful and\nserviceable to her.\n\nI reopen my letter to give you a kiss.... Ah! Josephine!...\nJosephine!\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 24th._--French under Hoche sail for Ireland; return\n  \"foiled by the elements.\"\n\n  _January 7th, 1797.--Alvinzi begins his new attack on Rivoli,\n  while Provera tries to get to Mantua with 11,000 men via Padua and\n  Legnago. Alvinzi's total forces 48,000, but only 28,000 at Rivoli\n  against Bonaparte's 23,000._\n\n  _January 9th._--Kehl (after 48 days' siege) surrenders to Archduke\n  Charles.\n\n  _January 10th.--Napoleon at Bologna advised of the advance, and\n  hastens to make Verona, as before, the pivot of his movements._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "_January 12th.--Combat of St. Michel: Massena defeats Austrians._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT MILAN.\n\n  _Verona, January 12, 1797._\n\nScarcely set out from Roverbella, I learnt that the enemy had appeared\nat Verona. Massena made some dispositions, which have been very\nsuccessful. We have made six hundred prisoners, and have taken three\npieces of cannon. General Brune got seven bullets in his clothes,\nwithout being touched by one of them--this is what it is to be lucky.\n\nI give you a thousand kisses. I am very well. We have had only ten men\nkilled, and a hundred wounded.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _January 13th.--Joubert attacked; retires from Corona on Rivoli in\n  the morning, joined by Bonaparte at night._\n\n  _January 14th.--Battle of Rivoli: Austrian centre defeated.\n  Bonaparte_ _at close of day hurries off with Massena's troops to\n  overtake Provera, marching sixteen leagues during the night.\n  Massena named next day enfant cheri de la victoire by Bonaparte,\n  and later Duc de Rivoli._\n\n  _January 15th.--Joubert continues battle of Rivoli: complete\n  defeat of Austrians. Provera, however, has reached St. Georges,\n  outside Mantua._\n\n  _January 16th--Sortie of Wurmser at La Favorite repulsed. Provera,\n  hurled back by Victor (named the Terrible on this day), is\n  surrounded by skilful manoeuvres of Bonaparte, and surrenders with\n  6000 men. In three days Bonaparte had taken 18,000 prisoners and\n  all Alvinzi's artillery. Colonel Graham gives Austrian losses at\n  14,000 to 15,000, exclusive of Provera's 6000._\n\n  _January 26th.--Combat of Carpenedolo: Massena defeats the\n  Austrians._\n\n  _February 2nd.--Joubert occupies Lawis. Capitulation of Mantua, by\n  Wurmser, with 13,000 men (and 6000 in hospital), but he, his\n  staff, and 200 cavalry allowed to return. Enormous capture of\n  artillery, including siege-train abandoned by Bonaparte before the\n  battle of Castiglione. Advance of Victor on Rome._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT BOLOGNA.\n\n  _Forli, February 3, 1797._\n\nI wrote you this morning. I start to-night. Our forces are at Rimini.\nThis country is beginning to be tranquillised. My cold makes me always\nrather tired.\n\nI idolise you, and send you a thousand kisses.\n\nA thousand kind messages to my sister.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 9th.--Capture of Ancona._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 22.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT BOLOGNA.\n\n  _Ancona, February 10, 1797._\n\nWe have been at Ancona these two days. We took the citadel, after a\nslight fusillade, and by a _coup de main_. We made 1200 prisoners. I\nsent back the fifty officers to their homes.\n\nI am still at Ancona. I do not press you to come, because everything\nis not yet settled, but in a few days I am hoping that it will be.\nBesides, this country is still discontented, and everybody is\nnervous.\n\nI start to-morrow for the mountains. You don't write to me at all, yet\nyou ought to let me have news of you every day.\n\nPlease go out every day; it will do you good.\n\nI send you a million kisses. I never was so sick of anything as of\nthis vile war.\n\nGood-bye, my darling. Think of me!\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 23.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT BOLOGNA.\n\n  _Ancona, February 13, 1797._\n\nI get no news from you, and I feel sure that you no longer love me. I\nhave sent you the papers, and various letters. I start immediately to\ncross the mountains. The moment that I know something definite, I will\narrange for you to accompany me; it is the dearest wish of my heart.\n\nA thousand and a thousand kisses.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 24.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT BOLOGNA.\n\n  _February 16, 1797._\n\nYou are melancholy, you are ill; you no longer write to me, you want\nto go back to Paris. Is it possible that you no longer love your\ncomrade? The very thought makes me wretched. My darling, life is\nunbearable to me now that I am aware of your melancholy.\n\nI make haste to send you Moscati, so that he may look after you. My\nhealth is rather bad; my cold gets no better. Please take care of\nyourself, love me as much as I love you, and write me every day. I am\nmore uneasy than ever.\n\nI have told Moscati to escort you to Ancona, if you care to come\nthere. I will write to you there, to let you know where I am.\n\nPerhaps I shall make peace with the Pope, then I shall soon be by your\nside; it is my soul's most ardent wish.\n\nI send you a hundred kisses. Be sure that nothing equals my love,\nunless it be my uneasiness. Write to me every day yourself. Good-bye,\ndearest.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 25.",
    "body": "_February 19th.--Peace of Tolentino with the Pope, who has to pay\n  for his equivocal attitude and broken treaty._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT BOLOGNA.\n\n  _Tolentino, February 19, 1797._\n\nPeace with Rome has just been signed. Bologna, Ferrara, Romagna, are\nceded to the Republic. The Pope is to pay us thirty millions shortly,\nand various works of art.\n\nI start to-morrow morning for Ancona, and thence for Rimini, Ravenna,\nand Bologna. If your health permit, come to Rimini or Ravenna, but, I\nbeseech you, take care of yourself.\n\nNot a word from you--what on earth have I done? To think only of you,\nto love only Josephine, to live only for my wife, to enjoy happiness\nonly with my dear one--does this deserve such harsh treatment from\nher? My dear, I beg you, think often of me, and write me every day.\n\nYou are ill, or else you do not love me! Do you think, then, that I\nhave a heart of stone? and do my sufferings concern you so little? You\nmust know me very ill! I cannot believe it! You to whom nature has\ngiven intelligence, tenderness, and beauty, you who alone can rule my\nheart, you who doubtless know only too well the unlimited power you\nhold over me!\n\nWrite to me, think of me, and love me.--Yours ever, for life.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _March 16th.--Bonaparte defeats Archduke Charles on the\n  Tagliamento._\n\n  _March 25th.--Bonaparte writes the Directory from Goritz that \"up\n  till now Prince Charles has manoeuvred worse than Beaulieu and\n  Wurmser.\"_\n\n  _March 29th.--Klagenfurt taken by Massena._\n\n  _April 1st.--Laybach by Bernadotte._\n\n  _April 17th.--Preliminaries of peace at Leoben signed by\n  Bonaparte._\n\n  _April 18th._--Hoche crosses the Rhine at Neuwied.\n\n  _April 21st_.--Moreau at Kehl.\n\n  _April 23rd._--Armistice of two Rhine armies follows preliminaries\n  of Leoben.\n\n  _May 16th.--Augereau enters Venice._\n\n  _June 28th._--French capture Corfu, and 600 guns.\n\n  _July 8th._--Death of Edmund Burke, aged sixty-eight.\n\n  _July 18th._--Talleyrand becomes French Minister of Foreign\n  Affairs.\n\n  _September 4th._--Day of 18th Fructidor at Paris. Coup d'Etat _of\n  Rewbell, Larevelliere-Lepeaux, and Barras, secretly aided by\n  Bonaparte, who has sent them Augereau to command Paris_.\n\n  _September 18th._--Death of Lazare Hoche, aged twenty-nine,\n  _probably poisoned by the Directory, which has recalled\n  Moreau, retired Bernadotte, and will soon launch Bonaparte on\n  the seas, so that he may find failure and Bantry Bay at Aboukir_\n  (Montgaillard).\n\n  _September 30th._--National bankruptcy admitted in France, _the\n  sixth time in two centuries_.\n\n  _October 17th.---Treaty of Campo-Formio; Bonaparte called\n  thereupon by Talleyrand \"General Pacificator.\"_\n\n  _November 16th._--Death of Frederick William II., _King of\n  Prussia, aged fifty-three_; _succeeded by his son, Frederick\n  William III., aged twenty-seven_.\n\n  _December 1st.--Bonaparte Minister Plenipotentiary at Congress of\n  Rastadt, and_\n\n  _December 5th.--Arrives at Paris._\n\n  _December 10th.--Bonaparte presented to the Directory by\n  Talleyrand._\n\n  _December 27th.--Riots at Rome: Joseph Bonaparte (ambassador)\n  insulted; General Duphot (engaged to Joseph's sister-in-law,\n  Desiree) killed._\n\n\n\n\nSERIES C\n\nTHE MARENGO CAMPAIGN, 1800\n\nLETTERS OF THE FIRST CONSUL BONAPARTE TO HIS WIFE\n\n\n  _3rd Outlaw._ \"By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar,\n              This fellow were a king for our wild faction!\n\n  _1st Outlaw._ \"We'll have him; sirs, a word.\n\n  _Speed._      \"Master, be one of them,\n              It is an honourable kind of thievery.\"\n\n  _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_,\n  Act iv., Scene I.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES C\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 223-225.)\n\n\n  LETTER                             PAGE\n\n         Christmas Day, 1799          223\n\n  No. 3. Ivrea, May 29th              224\n         _M.'s_                       224\n         _Cherries_                   224\n\n  No. 4. _Milan_                      224\n\n\n\n\nTHE CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO, 1800.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1798.\n\n  NAPOLEONIC HISTORY.--_May 20th._--_Napoleon sails from Toulon for\n  Egypt._\n\n  _June 11th.--Takes Malta; sails for Egypt (June 20th)._\n\n  _July 4th.--Captures Alexandria._\n\n  _July 21st.--Defeats Mamelukes at Battle of the Pyramids, and\n  enters Cairo the following day._\n\n  _August 1st.--French Fleet destroyed by Nelson at the Battle of\n  the Nile._\n\n  _October 7th.--Desaix defeats Mourad Bey at Sedyman (Upper\n  Egypt)._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  GENERAL HISTORY.--_January 4th._--Confiscation of all English\n  merchandise in France. Commencement of Continental system.\n\n  _January 5th._--Directory fail to float a loan of 80 millions\n  (francs), and\n\n  _January 28th._--Forthwith invade Switzerland, ostensibly to\n  defend the Vaudois, under a sixteenth-century treaty, really to\n  revolutionise the country, and seize upon the treasure of Berne.\n\n  _February 15th._--Republic proclaimed at Rome. French occupy the\n  Vatican, and\n\n  _February 20th._--Drive Pope Pius VI. into exile to the convent of\n  Sienna.\n\n  _March 5th._--Capture of Berne by General Brune.\n\n  _April 13th._--Bernadotte, ambassador, attacked at the French\n  Embassy in Vienna.\n\n  _May 19th._--Fitzgerald, a leader in the Irish rebellion,\n  arrested.\n\n  _August 22nd._--General Humbert and 1100 French troops land at\n  Killala, County Mayo.\n\n  _September 8th._--Humbert and 800 men taken by Lord Cornwallis at\n  Ballinamack.\n\n  _September 12th._--Turkey declares war with France, and forms\n  alliance with England and Russia.\n\n  _November 19th._--Wolfe-Tone commits suicide.\n\n  _December 5th._--Macdonald defeats Mack and 40,000 Neapolitans at\n  Civita Castellana.\n\n  _December 9th._--Joubert occupies Turin.\n\n  _December 15th._--French occupy Rome.\n\n  _December 29th._--Coalition of Russia, Austria, and England\n  against France.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1799.\n\n  NAPOLEONIC HISTORY.--_January 23rd._--_Desaix defeats Mourad Bey\n  at Samhoud (Upper Egypt). February 3rd.--Desaix defeats Mourad Bey\n  at the Isle of Philae (near Assouan)--furthest limit of the Roman\n  Empire. Napoleon crosses Syrian desert and takes El Arish\n  (February 20th) and Gaza (February 25th), captures Jaffa (March\n  7th) and Sour, formerly Tyre (April 3rd). Junot defeats Turks and\n  Arabs at Nazareth (April 8th), and Kleber defeats them at Mount\n  Tabor (April 16th). Napoleon invests Acre but retires (May 21st),\n  re-enters Cairo (June 14th), annihilates Turkish army at Aboukir\n  (July 25th); secretly sails for France (August 23rd), lands at\n  Frejus (October 9th), arrives at Paris (October 13th); dissolves\n  the Directory (November 9th) and Council of Five Hundred (November\n  10th), and is proclaimed First Consul (December 24th)._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  GENERAL HISTORY.--_January 10th._--Championnet occupies Capua.\n\n  _January 20th._--Pacification of La Vendee by General Hedouville.\n\n  _January 23rd._--Championnet occupies Naples.\n\n  _March 3rd._--Corfu taken from the French by a Russo-Turkish\n  force.\n\n  _March 7th._--Massena defeats the Austrians, and conquers the\n  country of the Grisons.\n\n  _March 25th._--Archduke Charles defeats Jourdan at Stockach.\n\n  _March 30th._--Kray defeats French (under Scherer) near Verona,\n\n  _April 5th._--And again at Magnano.\n\n  _April 14th._--Suwarrow takes command of Austrian army at Verona;\n\n  _April 22nd._--Defeats French at Cassano, with heavy loss.\n\n  _April 28th._--French plenipotentiaries, returning from Radstadt,\n  murdered by men in Austrian uniforms--Montgaillard thinks by\n  creatures of the Directory.\n\n  _May 4th._--Capture of Seringapatam by General Baird.\n\n  _May 12th._--Austro-Russian army checked at Bassignana.\n\n  _May 16th._--Sieyes becomes one of the Directory.\n\n  _May 20th._--Suwarrow takes Brescia,\n\n  _May 24th._--And Milan (citadel).\n\n  _June 5th._--Massena defeated at Zurich by Archduke Charles; and\n  Macdonald (_June 19th_) by Suwarrow at the Trebbia.\n\n  _June 18th._--Gohier, Roger-Ducos, and Moulin replace Treilhard,\n  Lareveillere-Lepeaux, and Merlin on the Directory.\n\n  _June 20th._--Turin surrenders to Austro-Russians.\n\n  _June 22nd._--Turkey, Portugal, and Naples join the coalition\n  against France.\n\n  _July 14th._--French carry their prisoner, Pope Pius VI., to\n  Valence, where he dies (_August 29th_).\n\n  _July 22nd._--Alessandria surrenders to Austro-Russians.\n\n  _July 30th._--Mantua, after 72 days' siege, surrenders to Kray.\n\n  _August 15th._--French defeated at Novi by Suwarrow. French lose\n  Joubert and 20,000 men.\n\n  _August 17th._--French, under Lecombe, force the St. Gothard.\n\n  _August 27th._--English army disembark at the Helder.\n\n  _August 30th._--Dutch fleet surrendered to the British Admiral.\n\n  _September 19th._--Brune defeats Duke of York at Bergen.\n\n  _September 25th._--Massena defeats allies at Zurich, who lose\n  16,000 men and 100 guns. \"Massena saves France at Zurich, as\n  Villars saved it at Denain.\"--_Montgaillard._\n\n  _October 6th._--Brune defeats Duke of York at Kastrikum.\n\n  _October 7th._--French take Constance.\n\n  _October 16th._--Saint-Cyr, without cavalry or cannon, defeats\n  Austrians at Bosco.\n\n  _October 18th._--Capitulation at Alkmaar by Duke of York to\n  General Brune. \"The son of George III. capitulates at Alkmaar as\n  little honourably as the son of George II. had capitulated at\n  Kloster-Seven in 1757.\"--_Montgaillard._\n\n  _November 4th._--Melas defeats French at Fossano.\n\n  _November 13th._--Ancona surrendered to the Austrians by Monnier,\n  after a six months' siege.\n\n  _November 24th._--Moreau made commander of the armies of the Rhine\n  (being in disgrace, has served as a volunteer in Italy most of\n  this year); Massena sent to the army of Italy.\n\n  _December 5th._--Coni, the key of Piedmont, surrenders to the\n  Austrians.\n\n  _December 14th._--Death of George Washington.\n\n  _December 15th._--Battle of Montefaccio, near Genoa. Saint-Cyr\n  defeats Austrians.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1800.\n\n  _February 11th._--Bank of France constituted.\n\n  _February 20th._--Kleber defeats Turks at Heliopolis.\n\n  _May 3rd._--Battle of Engen. Moreau defeats Kray, who loses 10,000\n  men, and--\n\n  _May 5th._--Again defeats Austrians at Moeskirch.\n\n  _May 6th.--Napoleon leaves Paris._\n\n  _May 8th.--Arrives at Auxonne, and on the 9th at Geneva, from\n  thence moves to Lausanne (May 12th), where he is delighted with\n  reception accorded to the French troops, and hears of Moreau's\n  victory at Bibernach (May 11th). On the 14th he hears of Desaix's\n  safe arrival at Toulon from Egypt, together with Davoust, and\n  orders the praises of their past achievements to be sung in the_\n  Moniteur. _The same day writes Massena that in Genoa a man like\n  himself (Massena) is worth 20,000. On the 16th is still at\n  Lausanne._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Lausanne, May 15, 1800._\n\nI have been at Lausanne since yesterday. I start to-morrow. My health\nis fairly good. The country round here is very beautiful. I see no\nreason why, in ten or twelve days, you should not join me here; you\nmust travel incognito, and not say where you are going, because I want\nno one to know what I am about to do. You can say you are going to\nPlombieres.\n\nI will send you Moustache,[16] who has just arrived.\n\nMy very kindest regards to Hortense. Eugene will not be here for eight\ndays; he is _en route_.\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Torre di Garofolo, May 16, 1800._\n\nI start immediately to spend the night at Saint-Maurice. I have not\nreceived a single letter from you; that is not well. I have written\nyou by every courier.\n\nEugene may arrive the day after to-morrow. I have rather a cold, but\nit will have no ill effects.\n\nMy very kindest regards to you, my good little Josephine, and to all\nwho belong to you.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n  _May 17th-19th.--At Martigny, \"struggling against ice, snow-storms,\n  and avalanches,\" and astonishing the great St. Bernard \"with the\n  passage of our 'pieces of 8,' and especially of our limbers--a new\n  experience for it.\" On May 20th he climbed the St. Bernard on a\n  mule, and descended it on a sledge. On May 21st he is at Aosta,\n  hoping to be back in Paris within a fortnight. His army had passed\n  the mountain in four days. On May 27th he is at Ivrea, taken by\n  Lannes on the 24th._\n\n\nNo. 3.[17]\n\n[_From Tennant's Tour, &c._, vol. ii.]\n\n  11 P.M.\n\nI hardly know which way to turn. In an hour I start for Vercelli.\nMurat ought to be at Novaro to-night. The enemy is thoroughly\ndemoralised; he cannot even yet understand us. I hope within ten days\nto be in the arms of my Josephine, who is always very good when she is\nnot crying and not flirting. Your son arrived this evening. I have had\nhim examined; he is in excellent health. Accept a thousand tender\nthoughts. I have received M.'s letter. I will send her by the next\ncourier a box of excellent cherries.\n\nWe are here--within two months for Paris.--Yours entirely,\n\n  N. B.\n\n_To Madame Bonaparte._ (Address not in Bonaparte's writing.)\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 1st._--First experiments with vaccination at Paris, with\n  fluid sent from London.\n\n  _On June 2nd Napoleon enters Milan, where he spends a week._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Milan._\n\nI am at Milan, with a very bad cold. I can't stand rain, and I have\nbeen wet to the skin for several hours, but all goes well. I don't\npersuade you to come here. I shall be home in a month. I trust to\nfind you flourishing. I am just starting for Pavia and Stradella. We\nare masters of Brescia, Cremona, and Placentia.\n\nKindest regards. Murat has borne himself splendidly.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 5th._--Massena gives up Genoa, but leaves with all the\n  honours of war.\n\n  _June 7th._--Lannes takes Pavia, 350 cannon, and 10,000 muskets.\n\n  _June 9th.--Battle of Montebello. Bonaparte defeats Austrians, who\n  lose 8000 men._\n\n  _June 14th.--Bonaparte wins Marengo, but loses Desaix--\"the man I\n  loved and esteemed the most.\" In his bulletin he admits the battle\n  at one time was lost, until he cried to his troops \"Children,\n  remember it is my custom to sleep upon the battlefield.\" He\n  mentions the charges of Desaix and Kellermann, and especially\n  eulogises the latter--a fact interesting on account of the false\n  statements made of his ignoring it. In the bulletin of June 21st\n  he blames the \"punic faith\" of Lord Keith at Genoa, a criticism\n  the Admiral repaid with usury fifteen years later._\n\n  _June 14th._--Assassination of Kleber, in Egypt.\n\n  _June 16th.--Convention of Alessandria between Bonaparte and\n  Melas; end of the \"Campaign of Thirty Days.\"_\n\n  _June 19th._--Moreau defeats Kray at Hochstedt, and occupies Ulm.\n\n  _June 23rd._--Genoa re-entered by the French.\n\n  _June 26th.--Bonaparte leaves Massena in command of the Army of\n  Reserve, now united with the Army of Italy._\n\n  _July 3rd.--The First Consul is back in Paris unexpectedly--not\n  wishing triumphal arches or such-like \"colifichets\" In spite of\n  which the plaudits he receives are very dear to him, \"sweet as the\n  voice of Josephine.\"_\n\n  _September 5th._--Vaubois surrenders Malta to the English, after\n  two years' blockade.\n\n  _September 15th._--Armistice between France and Austria in\n  Germany.\n\n  _September 30th._--Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between\n  France and U.S.--agreed that the flag covers the goods.\n\n  _October 3rd._--To facilitate peace King George renounces his\n  title of King of France.\n\n  _November 12th._--Rupture of Armistice between France and\n  Austria.\n\n  _December 3rd._--Moreau wins the battle of Hohenlinden (Austrian\n  loss, 16,000 men, 80 guns; French 3000).\n\n  _December 20th._--Moreau occupies Lintz (100 miles from Vienna).\n\n  _December 24th.--Royalist conspirators fail to kill Bonaparte with\n  an infernal machine._\n\n  _December 25th._--Armistice at Steyer between Moreau and Archduke\n  Charles (sent for by the Austrians a fortnight before as their\n  last hope).\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [16] Bonaparte's courier.\n\n  [17] The date of this letter is May 29, 1800. See Notes.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES D\n\n  \"The peace of Amiens had always been regarded from the side of\n  England as an armed truce: on the side of Napoleon it had a very\n  different character.... A careful reader must admit that we were\n  guilty of a breach of faith in not surrendering Malta. The promise\n  of its surrender was the principal article of the treaty.\"\n\n    _England and Napoleon in 1803._\n\n  (Edited for the R. Hist. S. by Oscar Browning, 1887.)\n\n\n\n\nSERIES D\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 225-231.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                            PAGE\n         Date                                        225\n\n  No. 1. _The blister_                               225\n         _Some plants_                               225\n         _If the weather is as bad_                  226\n         _Malmaison, without you_                    228\n\n  No. 2. _The fat Eugene_                            228\n\n  No. 3. _Your letter has come_                      229\n         _Injured whilst shooting a boar_            229\n         \"_The Barber of Seville_\"                   229\n\n  No. 4. _The Sevres Manufactory_                    230\n\n  No. 5. _Your lover, who is tired of being alone_   230\n         _General Ney_                               231\n\n\n\n\nJOSEPHINE'S TWO VISITS TO PLOMBIERES,\n\n1801 AND 1802.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1801.\n\n  _January 1st._--Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland.\n\n  _January 3rd._--French under Brune occupy Verona, and\n\n  _January 8th._--Vicenza.\n\n  _January 11th._--Cross the Brenta.\n\n  _January 16th._---Armistice at Treviso between Brune and the\n  Austrian General Bellegarde.\n\n  _February 9th._--Treaty of Luneville, by which the Thalweg of the\n  Rhine became the boundary of Germany and France.\n\n  _March 8th._--English land at Aboukir.\n\n  _March 21st._--Battle of Alexandria (Canopus). Menou defeated by\n  Abercromby, with loss of 2000.\n\n  _March 24th._--The Czar Paul is assassinated.\n\n  _March 28th._--Treaty of Peace between France and Naples, who\n  cedes Elba and Piombino.\n\n  _April 2nd._--Nelson bombards Copenhagen.\n\n  _May 23rd._--General Baird lands at Kosseir on the Red Sea with\n  1000 English and 10,000 Sepoys.\n\n  _June 7th._--French evacuate Cairo.\n\n  _July 1st._--Toussaint-Louverture elected Life-Governor of St.\n  Domingo. Slavery abolished there. The new ruler declares, \"I am\n  the Bonaparte of St. Domingo, and the Colony cannot exist without\n  me;\" and heads his letters to the First Consul, \"From the First of\n  the Blacks to the First of the Whites.\"\n\n  _July 15th.--Concordat between Bonaparte and the Pope, signed at\n  Paris by Bonaparte, ratified by the Pope (August 15th)._\n\n  _August 4th._--Nelson attacks Boulogne flotilla and is repulsed.\n\n  _August 15th._--Attacks again, and suffers severely.\n\n  _August 31st._--Menou capitulates to Hutchinson at Alexandria.\n\n  _September 29th._--Treaty of Peace between France and Portugal;\n  boundaries of French Guiana extended to the Amazon.\n\n  _October 1st._--Treaty between France and Spain, who restores\n  Louisiana. Preliminaries of Peace between France and England\n  signed in London.\n\n  _October 8th._--Treaty of Peace between France and Russia.\n\n  _October 9th._--And between France and Turkey.\n\n  _December 14th._--Expedition sent out to St. Domingo by the French\n  under General Leclerc.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Paris the \"27\" ..., 1801._\n\nThe weather is so bad here that I have remained in Paris. Malmaison,\nwithout you, is too dreary. The fete has been a great success; it has\nrather tired me. The blister they have put on my arm gives me constant\npain.\n\nSome plants have come for you from London, which I have sent to your\ngardener. If the weather is as bad at Plombieres as it is here, you\nwill suffer severely from floods.\n\nBest love to \"Maman\" and Hortense.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1802.\n\n  _January 4th.--Louis Bonaparte marries Hortense Beauharnais, both\n  unwilling._\n\n  _January 9th.--The First Consul, with Josephine, leaves for Lyons,\n  where,_\n\n  _January 25th.--He remodels the Cisalpine Republic as the Italian\n  Republic, under his Presidency._\n\n  _March 25th._--Treaty of Amiens signed in London. French lose only\n  Ceylon and Trinidad. Malta to be restored to the Order of Knights,\n  reconstituted.\n\n  _May 7th._--Toussaint surrenders to Leclerc.\n\n  _May 19th._--Institution of the Legion of Honour.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Malmaison, June 19, 1802._\n\nI have as yet received no news from you, but I think you must already\nhave begun to take the waters. It is rather dull for us here, although\nyour charming daughter does the honours of the house to perfection.\nFor the last two days I have suffered slightly from my complaint. The\nfat Eugene arrived yesterday evening; he is very hale and hearty.\n\nI love you as I did the first hour, because you are kind and sweet\nbeyond compare.\n\nHortense told me that she was often writing you.\n\nBest wishes, and a love-kiss.--Yours ever,\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Malmaison, June 23, 1802._\n\n_My Good Little Josephine_,--Your letter has come. I am sorry to see\nyou have been poorly on the journey, but a few days' rest will put you\nright. I am very fairly well. Yesterday I was at the Marly hunt, and\none of my fingers was very slightly injured whilst shooting a boar.\n\nHortense is usually in good health. Your fat son has been rather\nunwell, but is getting better. I think the ladies are playing \"The\nBarber of Seville\" to-night. The weather is perfect.\n\nRest assured that my truest wishes are ever for my little\nJosephine.--Yours ever,\n\n  BONAPARTE.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Malmaison, June 27, 1802._\n\nYour letter, dear little wife, has apprised me that you are out of\nsorts. Corvisart tells me that it is a good sign that the baths are\nhaving the desired effect, and that your health will soon be\nre-established. But I am most truly grieved to know that you are in\npain.\n\nYesterday I went to see the Sevres manufactory at St. Cloud.\n\nBest wishes to all.--Yours for life,\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 29th.--Pope withdraws excommunication from Talleyrand._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Malmaison, July 1, 1802._\n\nYour letter of June 29th has arrived. You say nothing of your health\nnor of the effect of the baths. I see that you expect to be home in a\nweek; that is good news for your lover, who is tired of being alone!\n\nYou ought to have seen General Ney, who started for Plombieres; he\nwill be married on his return.\n\nYesterday Hortense played Rosina in \"The Barber of Seville\" with her\nusual skill.\n\nRest assured of my love, and that I await your return impatiently.\nWithout you everything here is dreary.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _August 2nd.--Napoleon Bonaparte made First Consul for life._\n  \"_The conduct and the language of Bonaparte represents at once\n  Augustus, Mahomet, Louis XI., Masaniello_\" (Montgaillard, _an\n  avowed enemy_).\n\n  _September 22nd._--Opening of the Ourcq Waterworks for the supply\n  of Paris.\n\n  _September 25th.--Mass celebrated at St. Cloud for the first time.\n  In this month Napoleon annexes Piedmont, and the next sends Ney to\n  occupy Switzerland._\n\n  _October 11th.--Birth of Napoleon Charles, son of Louis Bonaparte\n  and Hortense._\n\n  _October 29th.--Napoleon and Josephine visit Normandy, and,\n  contrary to expectation, receive ovations everywhere. They return\n  to Paris, November 14th._\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1803.\n\n  _February 19th._--New constitution imposed by France on\n  Switzerland.\n\n  _April 14th.--Bank of France reorganised by Bonaparte; it alone\n  allowed to issue notes._\n\n  _April 27th._--Death of Toussaint-Louverture at Besancon.\n\n  _April 30th._--France sells Louisiana to U.S. for L4,000,000 (15\n  million dollars).\n\n  _May 22nd.--France declares war against England, chiefly\n  respecting Malta. England having seized all French ships in\n  British harbours previous to war being declared, Napoleon seizes\n  all British tourists in France._\n\n  _May 31st.--His soldiers occupy Electorate of Hanover._\n\n  _June 14th.--He visits North of France and Belgium, accompanied by\n  Josephine, and returns to Paris August 12th._\n\n  _September 27th._--Press censorship established in France.\n\n  _November 30th._--French evacuate St. Domingo.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES E\n\n1804\n\n\n\"Everywhere the king of the earth found once more, to put a bridle on\nhis pride, the inevitable lords of the sea.\"--BIGNON, v. 130.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES E\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 232-237.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                              PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Madame_                                      232\n         _Pont de Bricques_                            232\n         _The wind having considerably freshened_      232\n\n  No. 2. _The waters_                                  233\n         _All the vexations_                           233\n         _Eugene has started for Blois_                234\n\n  No. 3. _Aix-la-Chapelle_                             234\n\n  No. 4. _During the past week_                        235\n         _The day after to-morrow_                     235\n         _Hortense_                                    235\n         _I am very well satisfied_                    235\n\n  No. 5. Its authenticity                              236\n         _Arras, August 29th_                          236\n         _I am rather impatient to see you_            236\n\n  No. 6. _T._                                          237\n         _B._                                          237\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING HIS\nJOURNEY ALONG THE COAST, 1804.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1804.\n\n  _February 15th._--The conspiracy of Pichegru. Moreau arrested,\n  Pichegru (_February 28th_), and Georges Cadoudal (_March 9th_).\n\n  _March 21st._--Duc D'Enghien shot at Vincennes.\n\n  _April 6th._--Suicide of Pichegru.\n\n  _April 30th.--Proposal to make Bonaparte Emperor._\n\n  _May 4th.--Tribune adopts the proposal._\n\n  _May 18th.--The First Consul becomes the Emperor Napoleon._\n\n  _May 19th.--Napoleon confers the dignity of Marshal of the Empire\n  on Berthier, Murat, Moncey, Jourdan, Massena, Augereau,\n  Bernadotte, Soult, Brune, Lannes, Mortier, Ney, Davoust,\n  Bessieres, Kellermann, Lefebvre, Perignon, Serrurier._\n\n  _July 14th._--Inauguration of the Legion of Honour.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE.\n\n  _Pont-de-Bricques, July 21, 1804._\n\n_Madame and dear Wife_,--During the four days that I have been away\nfrom you I have always been either on horseback or in a conveyance,\nwithout any ill effect on my health.\n\nM. Maret tells me that you intend starting on Monday; travelling by\neasy stages, you can take your time and reach the Spa without tiring\nyourself.\n\nThe wind having considerably freshened last night, one of our\ngunboats, which was in the harbour, broke loose and ran on the\nrocks about a league from Boulogne. I believed all lost--men and\nmerchandise; but we managed to save both. The spectacle was\ngrand: the shore sheeted in fire from the alarm guns, the sea\nraging and bellowing, the whole night spent in anxiety to save\nthese unfortunates or to see them perish! My soul hovered between\neternity, the ocean, and the night. At 5 A.M. all was calm,\neverything saved; and I went to bed with the feeling of having\nhad a romantic and epic dream--a circumstance which might have\nreminded me that I was all alone, had weariness and soaked garments\nleft me any other need but that of sleep.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n  [_Correspondence of Napoleon I., No. 7861,\n  communicated by M. Chambry._]",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.\n\n  _Boulogne, August 3, 1804._\n\n_My Dear_,--I trust soon to learn that the waters have done you much\ngood. I am sorry to hear of all the vexations you have undergone.\nPlease write me often. My health is very good, although I am rather\ntired. I shall be at Dunkirk in a very few days, and shall write you\nfrom there.\n\nEugene has started for Blois.\n\n_Je te couvre de baisers._\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.\n\n  _Calais, August 6, 1804._\n\n_My Dear_,--I arrived at Calais at midnight; I expect to start\nto-night for Dunkirk. I am in very fair health, and satisfied with\nwhat I see. I trust that the waters are doing you as much good as\nexercise, camp, and seascape are doing me.\n\nEugene has set off for Blois. Hortense is well. Louis is at\nPlombieres.\n\nI am longing to see you. You are always necessary to my happiness. My\nvery best love.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.\n\n  _Ostend, August 14, 1804._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have had no letter from you for several days; yet I\nshould be more comfortable if I knew that the waters were efficacious,\nand how you spend your time. During the past week I have been at\nOstend. The day after to-morrow I shall be at Boulogne for a somewhat\nspecial fete. Advise me by the courier what you intend to do, and how\nsoon you expect to end your baths.\n\nI am very well satisfied with the army and the flotillas. Eugene is\nstill at Blois. I hear no more of Hortense than if she were on the\nCongo. I am writing to scold her.\n\nMy best love to all.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.\n\n  _Arras, Wednesday, August 29, 1804._\n\n_Madame and dear Wife_,--I have just reached Arras. I shall stay\nthere to-morrow. I shall be at Mons on Friday, and on Sunday at\nAix-la-Chapelle. I am as well satisfied with my journey as with the\narmy. I think I shall pass through Brussels without stopping\nthere; thence I shall go to Maestricht. I am rather impatient to see\nyou. I am glad to hear you have tried the waters; they cannot fail\nto do you good. My health is excellent. Eugene is well, and is with\nme.\n\nVery kindest regards to every one.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n  [_Translated from a Letter in the Collection of Baron Heath,\n  Philobiblon Society, vol. xiv._]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 2nd._--Sir Sydney Smith attacks flotilla at Boulogne\n  unsuccessfully.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Treves, October 6, 1804._\n\n_My Dear,_--I arrive at Treves the same moment that you arrive at St.\nCloud. I am in good health. Do not grant an audience to T----, and\nrefuse to see him. Receive B---- only in general company, and do not\ngive him a private interview. Make promises to sign marriage contracts\nonly after I have signed them.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 1st.--Plebiscite confirms election of Napoleon as\n  Emperor, by 3,500,000 votes to 2000._\n\n  _December 2nd.--Napoleon crowns himself Emperor, and Josephine\n  Empress, in the presence and with the benediction of the Pope._\n\n  GENERAL EVENTS.--_October 8th._--The negro Dessalines crowned\n  Emperor of St. Domingo, under title of James I.\n\n  _December 12th._--Spain declares war against England.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES F\n\nCAMPAIGN OF AUSTERLITZ, 1805.\n\n  \"To convey an idea of the brilliant campaign of 1805 ... I should,\n  like the almanack-makers, be obliged to note down a victory for\n  every day.\"--BOURRIENNE, vol. ii. 323.\n\n  \"Si jamais correspondence de mari a femme a ete intime et\n  frequente, si jamais continuite et permanence de tendresse a ete\n  marquee, c'est bien dans ces lettres ecrites, chaque jour presque,\n  par Napoleon a sa femme durant la campagne de l'an XIV.\"--F.\n  MASSON, _Josephine, Imperatrice et Reine_, 1899, p. 427.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES F\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 237-243.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                             PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _To Josephine_                               237\n        _Strasburg_                                   237\n        _Stuttgard_                                   237\n        _I am well placed_                            237\n\n  No. 2. _Louisburg_                                  238\n         _In a few days_                              238\n         _A new bride_                                238\n         _Electress_                                  238\n\n  No. 3. _I have assisted at a marriage_              238\n\n  No. 5. The abbey of Elchingen                       238\n\n  No. 6. _Spent the whole of to-day indoors_          238\n         _Vicenza_                                    238\n\n  No. 7. _Elchingen_                                  239\n         _Such a catastrophe_                         239\n\n  No. 9. _Munich_                                     239\n         _Lemarois_                                   239\n         _I was grieved_                              239\n         _Amuse yourself_                             239\n         _Talleyrand has come_                        240\n\n  No. 10. _We are always in forests_                  240\n          _My enemies_                                240\n\n  No. 11. Lintz                                       240\n\n  No. 12. Schoenbrunn                                 241\n\n  No. 13. _They owe everything to you_                241\n\n  No. 14. _Austerlitz_                                241\n          _December 2nd_                              241\n\n  No. 17. _A long time since I had news of you_       241\n\n  No. 19. _I await events_                            242\n          _I, for my part, am sufficiently busy_      242\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, DURING THE\nAUSTERLITZ CAMPAIGN, 1805.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1805.\n\n  _March 13th.--Napoleon proclaimed King of Italy._\n\n  _May 26th.--Crowned at Milan._\n\n  _June 8th.--Prince Eugene named Viceroy of Italy._\n\n  _June 23rd.--Lucca made a principality, and given to Elisa\n  Bonaparte._\n\n  _July 22nd._--Naval battle between Villeneuve and Sir Robert\n  Calder, which saves England from invasion.\n\n  _August 16th.--Napoleon breaks up camp of Boulogne._\n\n  _September 8th._--Third Continental Coalition (Russia, Austria,\n  and England against France). Austrians cross the Inn, and invade\n  Bavaria.\n\n  _September 21st._--Treaty of Paris between France and Naples,\n  which engages to take no part in the war.\n\n  _September 23rd._--_Moniteur_ announces invasion of Bavaria by\n  Austria.\n\n  _September 24th.--Napoleon leaves Paris._\n\n  _September 27th.--Joins at Strasburg his Grand Army(160,000\n  strong)._\n\n  _October 1st.--Arrives at Ettlingen._\n\n  _October 2nd.--Arrives at Louisbourg. Hostilities commence._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Imperial Headquarters, Ettlingen_,\n\n  _October 2, 1805_, 10 A.M.\n\nI am well, and still here. I am starting for Stuttgard, where I shall\nbe to-night. Great operations are now in progress. The armies of\nWurtemberg and Baden have joined mine. I am well placed for the\ncampaign, and I love you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Louisbourg, October 4, 1805, Noon._\n\nI am at Louisbourg. I start to-night. There is as yet nothing new. My\nwhole army is on the march. The weather is splendid. My junction with\nthe Bavarians is effected. I am well. I trust in a few days to have\nsomething interesting to communicate.\n\nKeep well, and believe in my entire affection. There is a brilliant\nCourt here, a new bride who is very beautiful, and upon the whole some\nvery pleasant people, even our Electress, who appears extremely kind,\nalthough the daughter of the King of England.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Louisbourg, October 5, 1805._\n\nI continue my march immediately. You will, my dear, be five or six\ndays without hearing from me; don't be uneasy, it is connected with\noperations now taking place. All goes well, and just as I could wish.\n\nI have assisted at a marriage between the son of the Elector and a\nniece of the King of Prussia. I wish to give the young princess a\nwedding present to cost 36,000 to 40,000 francs. Please attend to\nthis, and send it to the bride by one of my chamberlains, when they\nshall come to rejoin me. This matter must be attended to immediately.\n\nAdieu, dear, I love you and embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 6th-7th.--French cross the Danube and turn Mack's army._\n\n  _October 8th.--Battle of Wertingen. (Murat defeats the Austrians.)_\n\n  _October 9th.--Battle of Gunzburg. (Ney defeats Mack.)_",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_October 10th.--French enter Augsbourg._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Augsbourg, Thursday, October 10, 1805_,\n\n  11 A.M.\n\nI slept last night[18] with the former Elector of Treves, who is very\nwell lodged. For the past week I have been hurrying forward. The\ncampaign has been successful enough so far. I am very well, although\nit rains almost every day. Events crowd on us rapidly. I have sent to\nFrance 4000 prisoners, 8 flags, and have 14 of the enemy's cannon.\n\nAdieu, dear, I embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 11th.--Battle of Hasslach. Dupont holds his own against\n  much superior forces._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_October 12th.--French enter Munich._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _October 12, 1805_, 11 P.M.\n\nMy army has entered Munich. On one side the enemy is beyond the Inn; I\nhold the other army, 60,000 strong, blocked on the Iller, between Ulm\nand Memmingen. The enemy is beaten, has lost its head, and everything\npoints to a most glorious campaign, the shortest and most brilliant\nwhich has been made. In an hour I start for Burgau-sur-l'Iller.\n\nI am well, but the weather is frightful. It rains so much that I\nchange my clothes twice a day.\n\nI love and embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n  _October 14th.--Capture of Memmingen and 4OOO Austrians by\n  Soult._\n\n  _October 15th.--Battle of Elchingen. Ney defeats Laudon._\n\n  _October 17th.--Capitulation of Ulm._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_October 19th.--Werneck and 8000 men surrender to Murat._\n\nTO JOSEPHINE, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Abbaye d'Elchingen, October 19, 1805._\n\n_My dear Josephine_,--I have tired myself more than I ought. Soaked\ngarments and cold feet every day for a week have made me rather ill,\nbut I have spent the whole of to-day indoors, which has rested me.\n\nMy design has been accomplished; I have destroyed the Austrian army by\nmarches alone; I have made 60,000 prisoners, taken 120 pieces of\ncannon, more than 90 flags, and more than 30 generals. I am about to\nfling myself on the Russians; they are lost men. I am satisfied with\nmy army. I have only lost 1500 men, of whom two-thirds are but\nslightly wounded.\n\nPrince Charles is on his way to cover Vienna. I think Massena should\nbe already at Vicenza.\n\nThe moment I can give my thoughts to Italy, I will make Eugene win a\nbattle.\n\nVery best wishes to Hortense.\n\nAdieu, my Josephine; kindest regards to every one.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 20th.--Mack and his army defile before Napoleon._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_October 21st._--Battle of Trafalgar; Franco-Spanish fleet\n  destroyed after a five hours' fight. \"The result of the battle of\n  Trafalgar compensates, for England, the results of the operations\n  of Ulm. It has been justly observed that this power alone, of all\n  those who fought France from 1793 to 1812, never experienced a\n  check in her political or military combinations without seeing\n  herself compensated forthwith by a signal success in some other\n  part of the world\" (_Montgaillard_).\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Elchingen, October 21, 1805, Noon._\n\nI am fairly well, my dear. I start at once for Augsbourg. I have made\n33,000 men lay down their arms, I have from 60,000 to 70,000\nprisoners, more than 90 flags, and 200 pieces of cannon. Never has\nthere been such a catastrophe in military annals!\n\nTake care of yourself. I am rather jaded. The weather has been fine\nfor the last three days. The first column of prisoners files off for\nFrance to-day. Each column consists of 6000 men.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "_October 25th._--The Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia swear,\n  at the tomb of the Great Frederick, to make implacable war on\n  France (Convention signed November 3rd).\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Augsburg, October 25, 1805._\n\nThe two past nights have thoroughly rested me, and I am going to start\nto-morrow for Munich. I am sending word to M. de Talleyrand and M.\nMaret to be near at hand. I shall see something of them, and I am\ngoing to advance upon the Inn in order to attack Austria in the heart\nof her hereditary states. I should much have liked to see you; but do\nnot reckon upon my sending for you, unless there should be an\narmistice or winter quarters.\n\nAdieu, dear; a thousand kisses. Give my compliments to the ladies.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Munich, Sunday, October 27, 1805._\n\nI received your letter per Lemarois. I was grieved to see how\nneedlessly you have made yourself unhappy. I have heard particulars\nwhich have proved how much you love me, but you should have more\nfortitude and confidence. Besides, I had advised you that I should be\nsix days without writing you.\n\nTo-morrow I expect the Elector. At noon I start to support my advance\non the Inn. My health is fair. You need not think of crossing the\nRhine for two or three weeks. You must be cheerful, amuse yourself,\nand hope that before the end of the month[19] we shall meet.\n\nI am advancing against the Russian army. In a few days I shall have\ncrossed the Inn.\n\nAdieu, my dear; kindest regards to Hortense, Eugene, and the two\nNapoleons.\n\nKeep back the wedding present a little longer.\n\nYesterday I gave a concert to the ladies of this court. The precentor\nis a superior man.\n\nI took part in the Elector's pheasant-shoot; you see by that that I am\nnot so tired. M. de Talleyrand has come.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 28th._--Grand Army cross the Inn. Lannes occupies\n  Braunau.\n\n  _October 28th to October 29th-30th.--Battle of Caldiero._--Massena\n  with 55,000 men attacks Archduke Charles entrenched with 70,000;\n  after two days' fight French repulsed at this place, previously\n  disastrous to their arms.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Haag, November 3, 1805_, 10 P.M.\n\nI am in full march; the weather is very cold, the earth covered with a\nfoot of snow. This is rather trying. Luckily there is no want of wood;\nhere we are always in forests. I am fairly well. My campaign proceeds\nsatisfactorily; my enemies must have more anxieties than I.\n\nI wish to hear from you and to learn that you are not worrying\nyourself.\n\nAdieu, dear; I am going to lie down.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 4th._--Combat of Amstetten. Lannes and Murat drive back\n  the Russians. Davoust occupies Steyer. Army of Italy takes\n  Vicenza.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Tuesday, November 5, 1805._\n\nI am at Lintz. The weather is fine. We are within seventy miles of\nVienna. The Russians do not stand; they are in full retreat. The house\nof Austria is at its wit's end, and in Vienna they are removing all\nthe court belongings. It is probable that something new will occur\nwithin five or six days. I much desire to see you again. My health is\ngood.\n\nI embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 7th._--Ney occupies Innsbruck.\n\n  _November 9th._--Davoust defeats Meerfeldt at Marienzell.\n\n  _November 10th._--Marmont arrives at Leoben.\n\n  _November 11th._---Battle of Diernstein; Mortier overwhelmed by\n  Russians, but saved by Dupont.\n\n  _November 13th._--Vienna entered and bridge over the Danube\n  seized. Massena crosses the Tagliamento.\n\n  _November 14th._--Ney enters Trent.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _November 15, 1805_, 9 P.M.\n\nI have been at Vienna two days, my dear, rather fagged. I have not yet\nseen the city by day; I have traversed it by night. To-morrow I\nreceive the notables and public bodies. Nearly all my troops are\nbeyond the Danube, in pursuit of the Russians.\n\nAdieu, Josephine; as soon as it is possible I will send for you. My\nvery best love.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "_November 16th._--Jellachich surrenders to Augereau at Feldkirch\n  with 7000 men.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Vienna, November 16, 1805._\n\nI am writing to M. d'Harville, so that you can set out and make your\nway to Baden, thence to Stuttgard, and from there to Munich. At\nStuttgard you will give the wedding present to the Princess Paul. If\nit costs fifteen to twenty thousand francs, that will suffice; the\nrest will do for giving presents at Munich to the daughters of the\nElectress of Bavaria. All that Madame de Serent[20] has advised you is\ndefinitely arranged. Take with you the wherewithal to make presents to\nthe ladies and officers who will wait upon you. Be civil, but receive\nfull homage; they owe everything to you, and you owe nothing save\ncivility. The Electress of Wurtemberg is daughter of the King of\nEngland. She is an excellent woman; you should be very kind to her,\nbut yet without affectation.\n\nI shall be very glad to see you, the moment circumstances permit me. I\nstart to join my vanguard. The weather is frightful; it snows heavily.\nOtherwise my affairs go excellently.\n\nAdieu, my dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 19th.--French occupy Brunn, and Napoleon establishes his\n  headquarters at Wischau._\n\n  _November 24th._--Massena occupies Trieste.\n\n  _November 28th._--Army of Italy joins troops of the Grand Army at\n  Klagenfurt.\n\n  _December 2nd._--Battle of the Three Emperors (Austerlitz). French\n  forces 80,000; allies 95,000.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Austerlitz, December 3, 1805._\n\nI have despatched to you Lebrun from the field of battle. I have\nbeaten the Russian and Austrian army commanded by the two Emperors. I\nam rather fagged. I have bivouacked eight days in the open air,\nthrough nights sufficiently keen. To-night I rest in the chateau of\nPrince Kaunitz, where I shall sleep for the next two or three hours.\nThe Russian army is not only beaten, but destroyed.\n\nI embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 4th.--Haugwitz, the Prussian Minister, congratulates\n  Napoleon on his victory. \"Voila!\" replied the Emperor; \"un\n  compliment dont la fortune a change l'addresse.\"_",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MUNICH.\n\n  _Austerlitz, December 5, 1805._\n\nI have concluded a truce. The Russians have gone. The battle of\nAusterlitz is the grandest of all I have fought. Forty-five flags,\nmore than 150 pieces of cannon, the standards of the Russian Guard, 20\ngenerals, 30,000 prisoners, more than 20,000 slain--a horrible sight.\n\nThe Emperor Alexander is in despair, and on his way to Russia.\nYesterday, at my bivouac, I saw the Emperor of Germany. We conversed\nfor two hours; we have agreed to make peace quickly.\n\nThe weather is not now very bad. At last behold peace restored to the\nContinent; it is to be hoped that it is going to be to the world. The\nEnglish will not know how to face us.\n\nI look forward with much pleasure to the moment when I can once more\nbe near you. My eyes have been rather bad the last two days; I have\nnever suffered from them before.\n\nAdieu, my dear. I am fairly well, and very anxious to embrace you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MUNICH.\n\n  _Austerlitz, December 7, 1805._\n\nI have concluded an armistice; within a week peace will be made. I am\nanxious to hear that you reached Munich in good health. The Russians\nare returning; they have lost enormously--more than 20,000 dead and\n30,000 taken. Their army is reduced by three-quarters. Buxhowden,\ntheir general-in-chief, was killed. I have 3000 wounded and 700 to 800\ndead.\n\nMy eyes are rather bad; it is a prevailing complaint, and scarcely\nworth mentioning.\n\nAdieu, dear. I am very anxious to see you again.\n\nI am going to sleep to-night at Vienna.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MUNICH.\n\n  _Brunn, December 10, 1805._\n\nIt is a long time since I had news of you. Have the grand fetes at\nBaden, Stuttgard, and Munich made you forget the poor soldiers, who\nlive covered with mud, rain, and blood?\n\nI shall start in a few days for Vienna.\n\nWe are endeavouring to conclude peace. The Russians have gone, and are\nin flight far from here; they are on their way back to Russia, well\ndrubbed and very much humiliated.\n\nI am very anxious to be with you again.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\nMy bad eyes are cured.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 15th.--Treaty with Prussia._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MUNICH.\n\n  _December 19, 1805._\n\n_Great Empress_,--Not a single letter from you since your departure\nfrom Strasburg. You have gone to Baden, Stuttgard, Munich, without\nwriting us a word. This is neither very kind nor very affectionate.\n\nI am still at Brunn. The Russians are gone. I have a truce. In a few\ndays I shall see what I may expect. Deign from the height of your\ngrandeur to concern yourself a little with your slaves.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MUNICH.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, December 20, 1805._\n\nI got your letter of the 16th. I am sorry to learn you are in pain.\nYou are not strong enough to travel two hundred and fifty miles at\nthis time of the year. I know not what I shall do; I await events. I\nhave no will in the matter; everything depends on their issue. Stay at\nMunich; amuse yourself. That is not difficult when you have so many\nkind friends and so beautiful a country. I, for my part, am\nsufficiently busy. In a few days my decision will be made.\n\nAdieu, dear. Kindest and most affectionate regards.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 27th.[21]--Peace of Presburg._\n\n  _December 31st.--Napoleon arrives outside Munich, and joins\n  Josephine the next morning._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [18] _J'ai couche aujourd'hui_--_i.e._ a few hours' morning sleep.\n\n  [19] The month _Brumaire--i.e._ before November 21st.\n\n  [20] Countess de Serent, the Empress's lady-in-waiting.\n\n  [21] _VI. Nivose_, which for the year 1805 was December 27 (see Harris\n       Nicolas' \"Chronology of History\"). Haydn, Woodward, Bouillet,\n       all have December 26th; Alison and _Biographie Universelle_\n       have December 27th; but, as usual, the \"Correspondence of\n       Napoleon I.\" is taken here as the final court of appeal.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES G\n\n\"Battles then lasted a few hours, campaigns a few days.\"\n\n  --BIGNON, _On Friedland_ (vol. vi. 292).\n\n\n\n\nSERIES G\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 243-264.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                        PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Princess of Baden_                     244\n           _Hortense_                            244\n           _The Grand Duke_                      244\n           _Florence_                            244\n\n  No. 2. _Bamberg_                               244\n           _Eugene_                              244\n           _Her husband_                         245\n\n  No. 3. _Erfurt_                                245\n           _If she wants to see a battle_        245\n\n  No. 4. _I nearly captured him and\n               the Queen_                        246\n           _I have bivouacked_                   246\n\n  No. 5. _Fatigues, bivouacs\n               have made me fat_                 246\n           _The great M. Napoleon_               247\n\n  No. 7. _Potsdam_                               247\n\n  No. 8. _You do nothing but cry_                247\n\n  No. 9_a_. _Madame Tallien_                     247\n\n  No. 10. _The bad things I say\n               about women_                      248\n\n  No. 11. _Lubeck_                               250\n\n  No. 13. _Madame L._                            250\n\n  No. 17. _December 2nd_                          250\n\n  No. 18. _Jealousy_                             250\n\n  No. 19. _Desir de femme est un feu\n               qui devore_                       251\n\n  No. 23. _I am dependent on events_             251\n\n  No. 26. _The fair ones of Great\n               Poland_                           251\n           _A wretched barn_                     252\n           _Such things become common\n               property_                         252\n\n  No. 27. _Warsaw, January 3rd_                  252\n\n  No. 28. _Be cheerful--gai_                     253\n\n  No. 29. _Roads unsafe and detestable_          253\n\n  No. 35. _I hope that you are at Paris_         254\n           _T._                                  254\n\n  No. 36. _Paris_                                254\n\n  No. 38. Arensdorf                              254\n\n  No. 39. _The Battle of Preussich-Eylau_        254\n\n  No. 40. _Corbineau_                            256\n           _Dahlmann_                            256\n\n  No. 41. _Young Tascher_                        256\n\n  No. 42. Napoleon's Correspondence              256\n\n  No. 43. _I am still at Eylau_                  257\n           _This country is covered\n               with dead and wounded_            257\n\n  No. 50. _Osterode_                             257\n           _It is not as good as the\n               great city_                       258\n           _I have ordered what you\n               wish for Malmaison_               258\n\n  No. 54. _Minerva_                              259\n\n  No. 55. The first use of _Vous_                259\n\n  No. 56. _Dupuis_                               260\n\n  No. 58. _M. de T._                             260\n\n  No. 60. _Marshal Bessieres_                    260\n\n  No. 63. Date                                   260\n\n  No. 67. _Sweet, pouting, and capricious_       260\n\n  No. 68. _Madame_ ----                          261\n           _Measles_                             261\n\n  No. 69. _I trust I may hear you\n               have been rational_               261\n\n  No. 71. _May 20th_                             262\n\n  No. 74. _I am vexed with Hortense_             262\n\n  No. 78. _Friedland_                            263\n\n  No. 79. _Tilsit_                               264\n\n\n\n\n  LETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\n  THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING THE\n  CAMPAIGN AGAINST PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA,\n  1806-7.\n\n\n1806.\n\n  _January 1st.--The Elector of Bavaria and the Duke of Wurtemberg\n  created Kings by France._\n\n  _January 23rd._--Death of William Pitt, aged 47.\n\n  _February 15th.--Joseph Bonaparte enters Naples, and on_\n\n  _March 10th is declared King of the Two Sicilies._\n\n  _April 1st.--Prussia seizes Hanover._\n\n  _June 5th.--Louis Bonaparte made King of Holland._\n\n  _July 6th.--Battle of Maida (Calabria. English defeat General\n  Reynier. French loss 4000; English 500)._\n\n  _July 12th.--Napoleon forms Confederation of the Rhine, with\n  himself as Chief and Protector._\n\n  _July 18th.--Gaeta surrenders to Massena._\n\n  _August 6th.--Francis II., Emperor of Germany, becomes Emperor of\n  Austria as Francis I._\n\n  _August 15th.--Russia refuses to ratify peace preliminaries signed\n  by her ambassador at Paris on July 25th._\n\n  _September 13th._--Death of Charles James Fox, aged 57.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_October 5th.--Proclamation by the Prince of the Peace against\n  France (germ of Spanish War)._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _October 5, 1806._\n\nIt will be quite in order for the Princess of Baden to come to\nMayence. I cannot think why you weep; you do wrong to make yourself\nill. Hortense is inclined to pedantry; she loves to air her views. She\nhas written me; I am sending her a reply. She ought to be happy and\ncheerful. Pluck and a merry heart--that's the recipe.\n\nAdieu, dear. The Grand Duke has spoken to me about you; he saw you at\nFlorence at the time of the retreat.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Bamberg, October 7, 1806._\n\nI start this evening, my dear, for Cronach. The whole of my army is\nadvancing. All goes well. My health is perfect. I have only received\nas yet one letter from you. I have some from Eugene and from Hortense.\nStephanie should now be with you. Her husband wishes to make the\ncampaign; he is with me.\n\nAdieu. A thousand kisses and the best of health.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 8th.--Prussia, assisted by Saxony, Russia, and England,\n  declares war against France._\n\n  _October 9th.--Campaign opens. Prussians defeated at Schleitz._\n\n  _October 10th.--Lannes defeats them at Saalfeld. Prince Louis of\n  Prussia killed; 1000 men and 30 guns taken._\n\n  _October 11th.--French peace negotiations with England broken\n  off._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Gera_, _October 13, 1806_, 2 A.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I am at Gera to-day. My affairs go excellently well, and\neverything as I could wish. With the aid of God, they will, I believe,\nin a few days have taken a terrible course for the poor King of\nPrussia, whom I am sorry for personally, because he is a good man.\nThe Queen is at Erfurt with the King. If she wants to see a battle,\nshe shall have that cruel pleasure. I am in splendid health. I have\nalready put on flesh since my departure; yet I am doing, in person,\ntwenty and twenty-five leagues a day, on horseback, in my carriage, in\nall sorts of ways. I lie down at eight, and get up at midnight. I\nfancy at times that you have not yet gone to bed.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 14th.--Battles of Jena and Auerstadt._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_October 15th.--Napoleon at Weimar, He releases 6000 Saxon\n  prisoners, which soon causes peace with Saxony._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Jena_, _October 15, 1806_, 3 A.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have made excellent manoeuvres against the Prussians.\nYesterday I won a great victory. They had 150,000 men. I have made\n20,000 prisoners, taken 100 pieces of cannon, and flags. I was in\npresence of the King of Prussia, and near to him; I nearly captured\nhim and the Queen. For the past two days I have bivouacked. I am in\nexcellent health.\n\nAdieu, dear. Keep well, and love me.\n\nIf Hortense is at Mayence, give her a kiss; also to Napoleon and to\nthe little one.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_October 16th.--Soult routs Kalkreuth at Greussen; Erfurt and\n  16,000 men capitulate to Murat._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Weimar_, _October 16, 1806_, 5 P.M.\n\nM. Talleyrand will have shown you the bulletin, my dear; you will see\nmy successes therein. All has happened as I calculated, and never was\nan army more thoroughly beaten and more entirely destroyed. I need\nonly add that I am very well, and that fatigue, bivouacs, and\nnight-watches have made me fat.\n\nAdieu, dear. Kindest regards to Hortense and to the great M.\nNapoleon.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 17th.--Bernadotte defeats Prussian reserve at Halle._\n\n  _October 18th.--Davoust takes Leipsic, and an enormous stock of\n  English merchandise._\n\n  _October 19th.--Napoleon at Halle._\n\n  _October 20th.--Lannes takes Dessau, and Davoust Wittenberg._\n\n  _October 21st.--Napoleon at Dessau._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_October 23rd.--Napoleon makes Wittenberg central depot for his\n  army._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Wittenberg, October 23, 1806, Noon._\n\nI have received several of your letters. I write you only a line. My\naffairs prosper. To-morrow I shall be at Potsdam, and at Berlin on the\n25th. I am wonderfully well, and thrive on hard work. I am very glad\nto hear you are with Hortense and Stephanie, _en grande compagnie_. So\nfar, the weather has been fine.\n\nKind regards to Stephanie, and to everybody, not forgetting M.\nNapoleon.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_October 24th.--Lannes occupies Potsdam._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Potsdam, October 24, 1806._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have been at Potsdam since yesterday, and shall remain\nthere to-day. I continue satisfied with my undertakings. My health is\ngood; the weather very fine. I find Sans-Souci very pleasant.\n\nAdieu, dear. Best wishes to Hortense and to M. Napoleon.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 25th.--Marshal Davoust enters Berlin; Bernadotte occupies\n  Brandenburg._\n\n  _October 28th.--Prince Hohenlohe surrenders at Prenzlau to Murat\n  with 16,000 men, including the Prussian Guard._\n\n  _October 30th.--Stettin surrenders with 5000 men and 150 cannon._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "_November 1st.--Anklam surrenders, with 4000 men, to General\n  Becker._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _November 1, 1806_, 2 A.M.\n\nTalleyrand has just arrived and tells me, my dear, that you do nothing\nbut cry. What on earth do you want? You have your daughter, your\ngrandchildren, and good news; surely these are sufficient reasons for\nbeing happy and contented.\n\nThe weather here is superb; there has not yet fallen during the whole\ncampaign a single drop of water. I am very well, and all goes\nexcellently.\n\nAdieu, dear; I have received a letter from M. Napoleon; I do not\nbelieve it is from him, but from Hortense. Kindest regards to\neverybody.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 2nd.--Kustrin surrenders, with 4000 men and 90 guns, to\n  Davoust._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Berlin, November 2, 1806._\n\nYour letter of October 26th to hand. We have splendid weather here.\nYou will see by the bulletin that we have taken Stettin--it is a very\nstrong place. All my affairs go as well as possible, and I am\nthoroughly satisfied. One pleasure is alone wanting--that of seeing\nyou, but I hope that will not long be deferred.\n\nKindest regards to Hortense, Stephanie, and to the little Napoleon.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n\nNo. 9A.\n\nFrom the Memoirs of Mademoiselle d'Avrillon (vol. i. 128).\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Berlin, Monday, Noon._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. I am glad to know that you\nare in a place which pleases me, and especially to know that you are\nvery well there. Who should be happier than you? You should live\nwithout a worry, and pass your time as pleasantly as possible; that,\nindeed, is my intention.\n\nI forbid you to see Madame Tallien, under any pretext whatever. I will\nadmit of no excuse. If you desire a continuance of my esteem, if you\nwish to please me, never transgress the present order. She may\npossibly come to your apartments, to enter them by night; forbid your\nporter to admit her.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nI shall soon be at Malmaison. I warn you to have no lovers there that\nnight; I should be sorry to disturb them. Adieu, dear; I long to see\nyou and assure you of my love and affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _November 6, 1806_, 9 P.M.\n\nYours to hand, in which you seem annoyed at the bad things I say about\nwomen; it is true that I hate intriguing women more than anything. I\nam used to kind, gentle, persuasive women; these are the kind I like.\nIf I have been spoilt, it is not my fault, but yours. Moreover, you\nshall learn how kind I have been to one who showed herself sensible\nand good, Madame d'Hatzfeld. When I showed her husband's letter to her\nshe admitted to me, amid her sobs, with profound emotion, and frankly,\n\"Ah! it is indeed his writing!\" While she was reading, her voice went\nto my heart; it pained me. I said, \"Well, madame, throw that letter on\nthe fire, I shall then have no longer the power to punish your\nhusband.\" She burnt the letter, and seemed very happy. Her husband now\nfeels at ease; two hours later he would have been a dead man. You see\nthen how I like kind, frank, gentle women; but it is because such\nalone resemble you.\n\nAdieu, dear; my health is good.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 6th and 7th.--Blucher and his army (17,000 men)\n  surrender at Lubeck to Soult, Murat, and Bernadotte._\n\n  _November 8th.--Magdeburg surrenders to Ney, with 20,000 men,\n  immense stores, and nearly 800 cannon._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "_November 9th.--Napoleon levies a contribution of 150 million\n  francs on Prussia and her allies._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Berlin, November 9, 1806._\n\n_My Dear_,--I am sending good news. Magdeburg has capitulated, and on\nNovember 7th I took 20,000 men at Lubeck who escaped me last week. The\nwhole Prussian army, therefore, is captured; even beyond the Vistula\nthere does not remain to Prussia 20,000 men. Several of my army corps\nare in Poland. I am still at Berlin. I am very fairly well.\n\nAdieu, dear; heartiest good wishes to Hortense, Stephanie, and the two\nlittle Napoleons.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 10th.--Davoust occupies Posen. Hanover occupied by\n  Marshal Mortier._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Berlin, November 16, 1806._\n\nI received your letter of November 11th. I note with satisfaction that\nmy convictions give you pleasure. You are wrong to think flattery was\nintended; I was telling you of yourself as I see you. I am grieved to\nthink that you are tired of Mayence. Were the journey less long, you\nmight come here, for there is no longer an enemy, or, if there is, he\nis beyond the Vistula; that is to say, more than three hundred miles\naway. I will wait to hear what you think about it. I should also be\ndelighted to see M. Napoleon.\n\nAdieu, my dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nI have still too much business here for me to return to Paris.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 17th.--Suspension of arms signed at Charlottenburg._\n\n  _November 19th.--French occupy Hamburg._\n\n  _November 20th.--French occupy Hameln._\n\n  _November 21st.--French occupy Bremen. Berlin decree. Napoleon\n  interdicts trade with England._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _November 22, 1806_, 10 P.M.\n\nYour letter received. I am sorry to find you in the dumps; yet you\nhave every reason to be cheerful. You are wrong to show so much\nkindness to people who show themselves unworthy of it. Madame L----\nis a fool; such an idiot that you ought to know her by this time, and\npay no heed to her. Be contented, happy in my friendship, and in the\ngreat influence you possess. In a few days I shall decide whether to\nsummon you hither or send you to Paris.\n\nAdieu, dear; you can go at once, if you like, to Darmstadt, or to\nFrankfort; that will make you forget your troubles.\n\nKindest regards to Hortense.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 25th.--Napoleon leaves Berlin._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Kustrin, November 26, 1806._\n\nI am at Kustrin, making a tour and spying out the land a little; I\nshall see in a day or two whether you should come. You can keep ready.\nI shall be very pleased if the Queen of Holland be of the party. The\nGrand Duchess of Baden must write to her husband about it.\n\nIt is 2 A.M. I am just getting up; it is the usage of war.\n\nKindest regards to you and to every one.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "_November 27th.--Napoleon arrives at Posen._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Meseritz, November 27, 1806_, 2 A.M.\n\nI am about to make a tour in Poland. This is the first town there.\nTo-night I shall be at Posen, after which I shall send for you to come\nto Berlin, so that you can arrive there the same day as I. My health\nis good, the weather rather bad; it has rained for the past three\ndays. My affairs prosper. The Russians are in flight.\n\nAdieu, dear; kindest regards to Hortense, Stephanie, and the little\nNapoleons.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 28th.--Murat enters Warsaw. French occupy Duchies of\n  Mecklenburg._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Posen, November 29, 1806, Noon._\n\nI am at Posen, capital of Great Poland. The cold weather has set in; I\nam in good health. I am about to take a circuit round Poland. My\ntroops are at the gates of Warsaw.\n\nAdieu, dear; very kindest regards, and a hearty embrace.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "_December 2nd.--Glogau surrenders to Vandamme._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Posen, December 2, 1806._\n\nTo-day is the anniversary of Austerlitz. I have been to a city ball.\nIt is raining; I am in good health. I love you and long for you. My\ntroops are at Warsaw. So far the cold has not been severe. All these\nfair Poles are Frenchwomen at heart; but there is only one woman\nfor me. Would you know her? I could draw her portrait very well;\nbut I should have to flatter it too much for you to recognise\nyourself;--yet, to tell the truth, my heart would only have nice\nthings to say to you. These nights are long, all alone.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n_December 3, 1806, Noon._\n\nYours of November 26th received. I notice two things in it. You say I\ndo not read your letters: it is an unkind thought. I take your bad\nopinion anything but kindly. You tell me that perhaps it is a mere\nphantasy of the night, and you add that you are not jealous. I found\nout long ago that angry persons always assert that they are not angry;\nthat those who are afraid keep on repeating that they have no fear;\nyou therefore are convinced of jealousy. I am delighted to hear it!\nNevertheless, you are wrong; I think of nothing less, and in the\ndesert plains of Poland one thinks little about beauties....\n\nI had yesterday a ball of the provincial nobility--the women\ngood-looking enough, rich enough, dowdy enough, although in Paris\nfashions.\n\nAdieu, dear; I am in good health.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Posen, December 3, 1806_, 6 P.M.\n\nYours of November 27th received, from which I see that your little\nhead is quite turned. I am reminded of the verse--\n\n  \"Desir de femme est un feu qui devore.\"\n\nStill you must calm yourself. I wrote you that I was in Poland; that,\nwhen we were established in winter quarters, you could come; you will\nhave to wait a few days. The greater one becomes, the less one can\nconsult one's wishes--being dependent on events and circumstances. You\ncan come to Frankfort or Darmstadt. I am hoping to send for you in a\nfew days; that is, if circumstances will permit. The warmth of your\nletter makes me realise that you, like other pretty women, know no\nbounds. What you will, must be; but, as for me, I declare that of all\nmen I am the greatest slave; my master has no pity, and this master is\nthe nature of things.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well. The person that I wished to speak to you about\nis Madame L----, of whom every one is speaking ill; they assure me\nthat she is more Prussian than French woman. I don't believe it, but I\nthink her an idiot who talks nothing but trash.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 6th.--Thorn (on the Vistula) occupied by Ney._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n_Posen, December 9, 1806._\n\nYours of December 1st received. I see with pleasure that you are more\ncheerful; that the Queen of Holland wishes to come with you. I long to\ngive the order; but you must still wait a few days. My affairs\nprosper.\n\nAdieu, dear; I love you and wish to see you happy.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n_Posen, December 10, 1806_, 5 P.M.\n\nAn officer has just brought me a rug, a gift from you; it is somewhat\nshort and narrow, but I thank you for it none the less. I am in fair\nhealth. The weather is very changeable. My affairs prosper pretty\nwell. I love you and long for you much.\n\nAdieu, dear; I shall write for you to come with at least as much\npleasure as you will have in coming.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nA kiss to Hortense, Stephanie, and Napoleon.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 11th.--Davoust forces the passage of the Bug._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 22.",
    "body": "_December 12th.--Treaty of peace and alliance between France and\n  Saxony signed at Posen._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Posen, December 12th, 1806_, 7 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have not received any letters from you, but know,\nnevertheless, that you are well. My health is good, the weather very\nmild; the bad season has not begun yet, but the roads are bad in a\ncountry where there are no highways. Hortense will come then with\nNapoleon; I am delighted to hear it. I long to see things shape\nthemselves into a position to enable you to come.\n\nI have made peace with Saxony. The Elector is King and one of the\nconfederation.\n\nAdieu, my well-beloved Josephine.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nA kiss to Hortense, Napoleon, and Stephanie.\n\nPaeer, the famous musician, his wife, a virtuoso whom you saw at Milan\ntwelve years ago, and Brizzi are here; they give me a little music\nevery evening.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 23.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _December 15, 1806_, 3 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I start for Warsaw. In a fortnight I shall be back; I hope\nthen to be able to send for you. But if that seems a long time, I\nshould be very glad if you would return to Paris, where you are\nwanted. You well know that I am dependent on events. All my affairs go\nexcellently. My health is very good; I am as well as possible.\n\nAdieu, dear. I have made peace with Saxony.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 17th._--Turkey declares war on Russia. (_So Montgaillard;\n  but Napoleon refers to it in the thirty-ninth bulletin, dated\n  December 7th, while Haydn dates it January 7th._)",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 24.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, December 20, 1806_, 3 P.M.\n\nI have no news from you, dear. I am very well. The last two days I\nhave been at Warsaw. My affairs prosper. The weather is very mild, and\neven somewhat humid. It has as yet barely begun to freeze; it is\nOctober weather.\n\nAdieu, dear; I should much have liked to see you, but trust that in\nfive or six days I shall be able to send for you.\n\nKindest regards to the Queen of Holland and to her little\nNapoleons.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 22nd.--Napoleon crosses the Narew, and the next day\n  defeats Russians at Czarnowo; also_\n\n  _December 24th.--At Nasielsk._\n\n  _December 26th.--Ney defeats Lestocq at Soldau; Lannes defeats\n  Beningsen at Pultusk_;\n\n  _December 28th.--And Augereau defeats Buxhowden at Golymin._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 25.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Golymin, December 29, 1806_, 5 A.M.\n\nI write you only a line, my dear. I am in a wretched barn. I have\nbeaten the Russians, taken thirty pieces of cannon, their baggage,\nand 6000 prisoners; but the weather is frightful. It is raining; we\nhave mud up to our knees.\n\nIn two days I shall be at Warsaw, whence I shall write you.--Yours\never,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 26.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Pultusk, December 31, 1806._\n\nI have had a good laugh over your last letters. You idealise the fair\nones of Great Poland in a way they do not deserve. I have had for two\nor three days the pleasure of hearing Paeer and two lady singers, who\nhave given me some very good music. I received your letter in a\nwretched barn, having mud, wind, and straw for my only bed. To-morrow\nI shall be at Warsaw. I think all is over for this year. The army is\nentering winter quarters. I shrug my shoulders at the stupidity of\nMadame de L----; still you should show her your displeasure, and\ncounsel her not to be so idiotic. Such things become common property,\nand make many people indignant.\n\nFor my part, I scorn ingratitude as the worst fault in a human heart.\nI know that instead of comforting you, these people have given you\npain.\n\nAdieu, dear; I am in good health. I do not think you ought to go to\nCassel; that place is not suitable. You may go to Darmstadt.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 27.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 3, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. Your grief pains me; but one\nmust bow to events. There is too much country to travel between\nMayence and Warsaw; you must, therefore, wait till circumstances\nallow me to come to Berlin, in order that I may write you to come\nthither. It is true that the enemy, defeated, is far away; but I have\nmany things here to put to rights. I should be inclined to think that\nyou might return to Paris, where you are needed. Send away those\nladies who have their affairs to look after; you will be better\nwithout people who have given you so much worry.\n\nMy health is good; the weather bad. I love you from my heart.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _January 5th.--Capture of Breslau, with 7000 men, by Vandamme and\n  Hedouville._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 28.",
    "body": "_January 7th.--English Orders in Council against Berlin Decree._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 7, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I am pained by all that you tell me; but the season being\ncold, the roads very bad and not at all safe, I cannot consent to\nexpose you to so many fatigues and dangers. Return to Paris in order\nto spend the winter there. Go to the Tuileries; receive, and lead the\nsame life as you are accustomed to do when I am there; that is my\nwish. Perhaps I shall not be long in rejoining you there; but it is\nabsolutely necessary for you to give up the idea of making a journey\nof 750 miles at this time of the year, through the enemy's country,\nand in the rear of the army. Believe that it costs me more than you to\nput off for some weeks the pleasure of seeing you, but so events and\nthe success of my enterprise order it.\n\nAdieu, my dear; be cheerful, and show character.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 29.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 8, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I received your letter of the 27th with those of M.\nNapoleon and Hortense, which were enclosed with it. I had begged you\nto return to Paris. The season is too inclement, the roads unsafe and\ndetestable; the distances too great for me to permit you to come\nhither, where my affairs detain me. It would take you at least a month\nto come. You would arrive ill; by that time it might perhaps be\nnecessary to start back again; it would therefore be folly. Your\nresidence at Mayence is too dull; Paris reclaims you; go there, it is\nmy wish. I am more vexed about it than you. I should have liked to\nspend the long nights of this season with you, but we must obey\ncircumstances.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 30.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 11, 1807._\n\nYour letter of the 27th received, from which I note that you are\nsomewhat uneasy about military events. Everything is settled, as I\nhave told you, to my satisfaction; my affairs prosper. The distance is\ntoo great for me to allow you to come so far at this time of year. I\nam in splendid health, sometimes rather wearied by the length of the\nnights.\n\nUp to the present I have seen few people here.\n\nAdieu, dear. I wish you to be cheerful, and to give a little life to\nthe capital. I would much like to be there.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nI hope that the Queen has gone to the Hague with M. Napoleon.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 31.",
    "body": "_January 16th.--Capture of Brieg by the French._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _January 16, 1807._\n\nMY DEAR,--I have received your letter of the 5th of January; all that\nyou tell me of your unhappiness pains me. Why these tears, these\nrepinings? Have you then no longer any fortitude? I shall see you\nsoon. Never doubt my feelings; and if you wish to be still dearer to\nme, show character and strength of mind. I am humiliated to think that\nmy wife can distrust my destinies.\n\nAdieu, dear. I love you, I long to see you, and wish to learn that you\nare content and happy.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 32.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 18, 1807._\n\nI fear that you are greatly grieved at our separation and at your\nreturn to Paris, which must last for some weeks longer. I insist on\nyour having more fortitude. I hear you are always weeping. Fie! how\nunbecoming it is! Your letter of January 7th makes me unhappy. Be\nworthy of me; assume more character. Cut a suitable figure at Paris;\nand, above all, be contented.\n\nI am very well, and I love you much; but, if you are always crying, I\nshall think you without courage and without character. I do not love\ncowards. An empress ought to have fortitude.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 33.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 19, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter to hand. I have laughed at your fear of fire.\nI am in despair at the tone of your letters and at what I hear. I\nforbid you to weep, to be petulant and uneasy; I want you to be\ncheerful, lovable, and happy.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 34.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 23, 1807._\n\nYour letter of January 15th to hand. It is impossible to allow women\nto make such a journey as this--bad roads, miry and unsafe. Return to\nParis; be cheerful and content there. Perhaps even I shall soon be\nthere. I have laughed at what you say about your having taken a\nhusband to be with him. I thought, in my ignorance, that the wife was\nmade for the husband, the husband for his country, his family, and\nglory. Pardon my ignorance; one is always learning from our fair\nladies.\n\nAdieu, my dear. Think how much it costs me not to send for you. Say to\nyourself, \"It is a proof how precious I am to him.\"\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 35.",
    "body": "_January 25th.--Russians defeated at Mohrungen by Bernadotte._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MAYENCE.\n\n  _January 25, 1807._\n\nI am very unhappy to see you are in pain. I hope that you are at\nParis; you will get better there. I share your griefs, and do not\ngroan. For I could not risk losing you by exposing you to fatigues and\ndangers which befit neither your rank nor your sex.\n\nI wish you never to receive T---- at Paris; he is a black sheep. You\nwould grieve me by doing otherwise.\n\nAdieu, my dear. Love me, and be courageous.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 36.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Warsaw, January 26, 1807, Noon._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. It pains me to see how you\nare fretting yourself. The bridge of Mayence neither increases nor\ndecreases the distance which separates us. Remain, therefore, at\nParis. I should be vexed and uneasy to know that you were so miserable\nand so isolated at Mayence. You must know that I ought, that I can,\nconsider only the success of my enterprise. If I could consult my\nheart I should be with you, or you with me; for you would be most\nunjust if you doubted my love and entire affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 37.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Willemberg, February 1, 1807, Noon._\n\nYour letter of the 11th, from Mayence, has made me laugh.\n\nTo-day, I am a hundred miles from Warsaw; the weather is cold, but\nfine.\n\nAdieu, dear; be happy, show character.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 38.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter of January 20th has given me pain; it is too\nsad. That's the fault of not being a little more devout! You tell me\nthat your glory consists in your happiness. That is narrow-minded; one\nshould say, my glory consists in the happiness of others. It is not\nconjugal; one should say, my glory consists in the happiness of my\nhusband. It is not maternal; one should say, my glory consists in the\nhappiness of my children. Now, since nations--your husband, your\nchildren--can only be happy with a certain amount of glory, you must\nnot make little of it. Fie, Josephine! your heart is excellent and\nyour arguments weak. You feel acutely, but you don't argue as well.\n\nThat's sufficient quarrelling. I want you to be cheerful, happy in\nyour lot, and that you should obey, not with grumbling and tears, but\nwith gaiety of heart and a little more good temper.\n\nAdieu, dear; I start to-night to examine my outposts.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 5th.--Combats of Bergfriede, Waltersdorf, and Deppen;\n  Russians forced back._\n\n  _February 6th.--Combat of Hof. Murat victorious._\n\n  _February 8th.--Battle of Eylau; retreat of Russians._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 39.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Eylau, February 9, 1807_, 3 A.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--Yesterday there was a great battle; the victory has\nremained with me, but I have lost many men. The loss of the enemy,\nwhich is still more considerable, does not console me. To conclude, I\nwrite you these two lines myself, although I am very tired, to tell\nyou that I am well and that I love you.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 40.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Eylau, February 9, 1807_, 6 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you a line in order that you may not be uneasy.\nThe enemy has lost the battle, 40 pieces of cannon, 10 flags, 12,000\nprisoners; he has suffered frightfully. I have lost many: 1600 killed,\n3000 or 4000 wounded.\n\nYour cousin Tascher conducts himself well; I have summoned him near me\nwith the title of orderly officer.\n\nCorbineau has been killed by a shell; I was singularly attached to\nthat officer, who had much merit; I am very unhappy about him. My\nmounted guard has covered itself with glory. Dahlman is dangerously\nwounded.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 41.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Eylau, February 11, 1807_, 3 A.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you a line; you must have been very anxious. I\nhave beaten the enemy in a fight to be remembered, but it has cost\nmany brave lives. The bad weather that has set in forces me to take\ncantonments.\n\nDo not afflict yourself, please; all this will soon be over, and the\nhappiness of seeing you will make me promptly forget my fatigues.\nBesides, I have never been in better health.\n\nYoung Tascher, of the 4th Regiment, has behaved well; he has had a\nrough time of it. I have summoned him near me; I have made him an\norderly officer--there's an end to his troubles. This young man\ninterests me.\n\nAdieu, dear; a thousand kisses.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 42.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Preussich-Eylau, February 12, 1807._\n\nI send you a letter from General Darmagnac. He is a very good soldier,\nwho commanded the 32nd. He is much attached to me. If this Madame de\nRichmond be well off, and it is a good match, I shall see this\nmarriage with pleasure. Make this known to both of them.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 43.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Eylau, February 14, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I am still at Eylau. This country is covered with dead and\nwounded. It is not the bright side of warfare; one suffers, and the\nmind is oppressed at the sight of so many victims. My health is good.\nI have done as I wished, and driven back the enemy, while making his\nprojects fail.\n\nYou are sure to be uneasy, and that thought troubles me. Nevertheless,\ncalm yourself, my dear, and be cheerful.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nTell Caroline and Pauline that the Grand Duke and the Prince[22] are\nin excellent health.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 16th.--Savary defeats Russians at Ostrolenka._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 44.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Eylau_, _February 17, 1807_, 3 A.M.\n\nYour letter to hand, informing me of your arrival at Paris. I am very\nglad to know you are there. My health is good.\n\nThe battle of Eylau was very sanguinary, and very hardly contested.\nCorbineau was slain. He was a very brave man. I had grown very fond of\nhim.\n\nAdieu, dear; it is as warm here as in the month of April; everything\nis thawing. My health is good.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 45.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Landsberg_, _February 18, 1807_, 3 A.M.\n\nI write you two lines. My health is good. I am moving to set my army\nin winter quarters.\n\nIt rains and thaws as in the month of April. We have not yet had one\ncold day.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 46.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Liebstadt_, _February 20, 1807_, 2 A.M.\n\nI write you two lines, dear, in order that you may not be uneasy. My\nhealth is very good, and my affairs prosper.\n\nI have again put my army into cantonments.\n\nThe weather is extraordinary; it freezes and thaws; it is wet and\nunsettled.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 47.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Liebstadt_, _February 21, 1807_, 2 A.M.\n\nYour letter of the 4th February to hand; I see with pleasure that your\nhealth is good. Paris will thoroughly re-establish it by giving you\ncheerfulness and rest, and a return to your accustomed habits.\n\nI am wonderfully well. The weather and the country are vile. My affairs\nare fairly satisfactory. It thaws and freezes within twenty-four hours;\nthere can never have been known such an extraordinary winter.\n\nAdieu, dear; I love you, I think of you, and wish to know that you are\ncontented, cheerful, and happy.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 48.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Liebstadt, February 21, 1807, Noon._\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter of the 8th received; I see with pleasure that\nyou have been to the opera, and that you propose holding receptions\nweekly. Go occasionally to the theatre, and always into the Royal box.\nI notice also with pleasure the banquets you are giving.\n\nI am very well. The weather is still unsettled; it freezes and thaws.\n\nI have once more put my army into cantonments in order to rest them.\n\nNever be doleful, love me, and believe in my entire affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 49.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode_, _February 23, 1807_, 2 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter of the 10th received. I am sorry to see you\nare a little out of sorts.\n\nI have been in the country for the past month, experiencing frightful\nweather, because it has been unsettled, and varying from cold to warm\nwithin a week. Still, I am very well.\n\nTry and pass your time pleasantly; have no anxieties, and never doubt\nthe love I bear you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 26th.--Dupont defeats Russians at Braunsberg._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 50.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode, March 2, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--It is two or three days since I wrote to you; I reproach\nmyself for it; I know your uneasiness. I am very well; my affairs\nprosper. I am in a wretched village, where I shall pass a considerable\ntime; it is not as good as the great city! I again assure you, I was\nnever in such good health; you will find me very much stouter.\n\nIt is spring weather here; the snow has gone, the streams are\nthawing--which is what I want.\n\nI have ordered what you wish for Malmaison; be cheerful and happy; it\nis my will.\n\nAdieu, dear; I embrace you heartily.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _March 9th._--The Grand Sanhedrim, which assembled at Paris on\n  February 9, terminates its sittings.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 51.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode_, _March 10, 1807_, 4 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter of the 25th. I see with\npleasure that you are well, and that you sometimes make a pilgrimage\nto Malmaison.\n\nMy health is good, and my affairs prosper.\n\nThe weather has become rather cold again. I see that the winter has\nbeen very variable everywhere.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well, be cheerful, and never doubt my affection,--Yours\never,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 52.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode, March 11, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I received your letter of the 27th. I am sorry to see from\nit that you are ill; take courage. My health is good; my affairs\nprosper. I am waiting for fine weather, which should soon be here. I\nlove you and want to know that you are content and cheerful.\n\nA great deal of nonsense will be talked of the battle of Eylau; the\nbulletin tells everything; our losses are rather exaggerated in it\nthan minimised.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 53.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode_, _March 13, 1807_, 2 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I learn that the vexatious tittle-tattle that occurred in\nyour salon at Mayence has begun again; make people hold their tongues.\nI shall be seriously annoyed with you if you do not find a remedy. You\nallow yourself to be worried by the chatter of people who ought to\nconsole you. I desire you to have a little character, and to know how\nto put everybody into his (or her) proper place.\n\nI am in excellent health. My affairs here are good. We are resting a\nlittle, and organising our food supply.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 54.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode, March 15, 1807._\n\nI received your letter of the 1st of March, from which I see that you\nwere much upset by the catastrophe of Minerva at the opera. I am very\nglad to see that you go out and seek distractions.\n\nMy health is very good. My affairs go excellently. Take no heed of all\nthe unfavourable rumours that may be circulated. Never doubt my\naffection, and be without the least uneasiness.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 55.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  Osterode, March 17, 1807.\n\n_My Dear_,--It is not necessary for you to go to the small plays and\ninto a private box; it ill befits your rank; you should only go to the\nfour great theatres, and always into the Royal box. Live as you would\ndo if I were at Paris.\n\nMy health is very good. The cold weather has recommenced. The\nthermometer has been down to 8 deg..--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 56.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode_, _March 17, 1807_, 10 P.M.\n\nI have received yours of March 5th, from which I see with pleasure\nthat you are well. My health is perfect. Yet the weather of the past\ntwo days has been cold again; the thermometer to-night has been at\n10 deg., but the sun has given us a very fine day.\n\nAdieu, dear. Very kindest regards to everybody.\n\nTell me something about the death of that poor Dupuis; have his\nbrother told that I wish to help him.\n\nMy affairs here go excellently.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 57.",
    "body": "_March 25th.--Abolition of slave trade in Great Britain by\n  Parliament._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _March 25, 1807._\n\nI have received your letter of March 13th. If you really wish to\nplease me, you must live exactly as you live when I am at Paris. Then\nyou were not in the habit of visiting the second-rate theatres or\nother places. You ought always to go into the Royal box. As for your\nhome life: hold receptions there, and have your fixed circles of\nfriends; that, my dear, is the only way to deserve my approbation.\nGreatness has its inconveniences; an Empress cannot go where a private\nindividual may.\n\nVery best love. My health is good. My affairs prosper.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 58.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode_, _March 27, 1807_, 7 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter pains me. There is no question of your dying.\nYou are in good health, and you can have no just ground for grief.\n\nI think you should go during May to St. Cloud; but you must spend the\nwhole month of April at Paris.\n\nMy health is good. My affairs prosper.\n\nYou must not think of travelling this summer; nothing of that sort is\nfeasible. You ought not to frequent inns and camps. I long as much as\nyou for our meeting and for a quiet life.\n\nI can do other things besides fight; but duty stands first and\nforemost. All my life long I have sacrificed everything to my\ndestiny--peace of mind, personal advantage, happiness.\n\nAdieu, dear. See as little as possible of that Madame de P----. She\nis a woman who belongs to the lowest grade of society; she is\nthoroughly common and vulgar.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nI have had occasion to find fault with M. de T----. I have sent him to\nhis country house in Burgundy. I wish no longer to hear his name\nmentioned.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 59.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Osterode, April 1, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have just got your letter of the 20th. I am sorry to see\nyou are ill. I wrote you to stay at Paris the whole month of April,\nand to go to St. Cloud on May 1st. You may go and spend the Sundays,\nand a day or two, at Malmaison. At St. Cloud you may have your usual\nvisitors.\n\nMy health is good. It is still quite cold enough here. All is quiet.\n\nI have named the little princess Josephine.[23] Eugene should be well\npleased.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 60.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein, April 2, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you a line. I have just moved my headquarters into\na very fine chateau, after the style of Bessieres', where I have\nseveral fireplaces, which is a great comfort to me; getting up often\nin the night, I like to see the fire.\n\nMy health is perfect. The weather is fine, but still cold. The\nthermometer is at four to five degrees.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 61.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein_, _April 6, 1807_, 3 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter, from which I see you have\nspent Holy Week at Malmaison, and that your health is better. I long\nto hear that you are thoroughly well.\n\nI am in a fine chateau, where there are fireplaces, which I find a\ngreat comfort. It is still very cold here; everything is frozen.\n\nYou will have seen that I have good news from Constantinople.\n\nMy health is good. There is nothing fresh here.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 62.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein_, _April 10, 1807_, 6 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--My health is excellent. Here spring is beginning; but as\nyet there is no vegetation. I wish you to be cheerful and contented,\nand never to doubt my attachment. Here all goes well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 63.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein_, _April 14, 1807_, 7 P.M.\n\nI have received your letter of April 3rd. I see from it that you are\nwell, and that it has been very cold in Paris. The weather here is\nvery unsettled; still I think the spring has come at length; already\nthe ice has almost gone. I am in splendid health.\n\nAdieu, dear. I ordered some time ago for Malmaison all that you ask\nfor,--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 64.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein, April 18, 1807._\n\nI have received your letter of April 5th. I am sorry to see from it\nthat you are grieved at what I have told you. As usual, your little\nCreole head becomes flurried and excited in a moment. Let us not,\ntherefore, speak of it again. I am very well, but yet the weather is\nrainy. Savary is very ill of a bilious fever, before Dantzic; I hope\nit will be nothing serious.\n\nAdieu, dear; my very best wishes to you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 65.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein_, _April 24, 1807_, 7 P.M.\n\nI have received your letter of the 12th. I see from it that your\nhealth is good, and that you are very happy at the thought of going to\nMalmaison.\n\nThe weather has changed to fine; I hope it may continue so.\n\nThere is nothing fresh here. I am very well.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 66.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein_, _May 2, 1807_, 4 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have just received your letter of the 23rd; I see with\npleasure that you are well, and that you are as fond as ever of\nMalmaison. I hear the Arch-Chancellor is in love. Is this a joke, or a\nfact? It has amused me; you might have given me a hint about it!\n\nI am very well, and the fine season commences. Spring shows itself at\nlength, and the leaves begin to shoot.\n\nAdieu, dear; very best wishes.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 67.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 10, 1807._\n\nI have just received your letter. I know not what you tell me about\nladies in correspondence with me. I love only my little Josephine,\nsweet, pouting, and capricious, who can quarrel with grace, as she\ndoes everything else, for she is always lovable, except when she is\njealous; then she becomes a regular shrew.[24] But let us come back to\nthese ladies. If I had leisure for any among them, I assure you that I\nshould like them to be pretty rosebuds.\n\nAre those of whom you speak of this kind?\n\nI wish you to have only those persons to dinner who have dined with\nme; that your list be the same for your assemblies; that you never\nmake intimates at Malmaison of ambassadors and foreigners. If you\nshould do the contrary, you would displease me. Finally, do not allow\nyourself to be duped too much by persons whom I do not know, and who\nwould not come to the house, if I were there.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 68.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 12, 1807._\n\nI have just received your letter of May 2nd, in which I see that you\nare getting ready to go to St. Cloud. I was sorry to see the bad\nconduct of Madame ----. Might you not speak to her about mending her\nways, which at present might easily cause unpleasantness on the part\nof her husband?\n\nFrom what I hear, Napoleon is cured; I can well imagine how unhappy\nhis mother has been; but measles is an ailment to which every one is\nliable. I hope that he has been vaccinated, and that he will at least\nbe safe from the smallpox.\n\nAdieu, dear. The weather is very warm, and vegetation has begun; but\nit will be some days before there is any grass.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 69.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 14, 1807._\n\nI realise the grief which the death of this poor Napoleon[25] must\ncause you; you can imagine what I am enduring. I should like to be by\nyour side, in order that your sorrow might be kept within reasonable\nbounds. You have had the good fortune never to lose children; but it\nis one of the pains and conditions attached to our miseries here\nbelow. I trust I may hear you have been rational in your sorrow, and\nthat your health remains good! Would you willingly augment my grief?\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 70.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 16, 1807._\n\nI have just received your letter of May 6th. I see from it how ill you\nare already; and I fear that you are not rational, and that you are\nmaking yourself too wretched about the misfortune which has come upon\nus.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 71.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT LACKEN.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 20, 1807._\n\nI have just received your letter of May 10th. I see that you have gone\nto Lacken. I think you might stay there a fortnight; it would please\nthe Belgians and serve to distract you.\n\nI am sorry to see that you have not been rational. Grief has bounds\nwhich should not be passed. Take care of yourself for the sake of your\nfriend, and believe in my entire affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 72.",
    "body": "_May 24th.--Dantzic surrenders to Lefebvre after two months'\n  siege, with 800 guns and immense stores._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT LACKEN.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 24, 1807._\n\nYour letter from Lacken just received. I am sorry to see your grief\nundiminished, and that Hortense has not yet come; she is unreasonable,\nand does not deserve our love, since she only loves her children.\n\nTry to calm her, and do not make me wretched. For every ill without a\nremedy consolations must be found.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 73.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT LACKEN.\n\n  _Finckenstein, May 26, 1807._\n\nI have just received your letter of the 16th. I have seen with\npleasure that Hortense has arrived at Lacken. I am annoyed at what you\ntell me of the state of stupor in which she still is. She must have\nmore courage, and force herself to have it. I cannot imagine why they\nwant her to go to take the waters; she will forget her trouble much\nbetter at Paris, and find more sources of consolation.\n\nShow force of character, be cheerful, and keep well. My health is\nexcellent.\n\nAdieu, dear. I suffer much from all your griefs; it is a great trouble\nto me not to be by your side.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _May 28th.--Lefebvre made Duke of Dantzic by Napoleon._\n\n  _May 29th._--Selim III. deposed in Turkey by Mustapha IV., his\n  nephew.\n\n  _June 1st.--22,000 Spanish troops, sent by Charles IV., join the\n  French army in Germany._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 74.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Dantzig, June 2, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I note your arrival at Malmaison. I have no letters from\nyou; I am vexed with Hortense, she has never written me a line. All\nthat you tell me about her grieves me. Why have you not found her some\ndistractions? Weeping won't do it! I trust you will take care of\nyourself in order that I may not find you utterly woebegone.\n\nI have been the two past days at Dantzic; the weather is very fine, my\nhealth excellent. I think more of you than you are thinking of a\nhusband far away.\n\nAdieu, dear; very kindest regards. Pass on this letter to Hortense.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 75.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Marienburg, June 3, 1807._\n\nThis morning I slept at Marienburg. Yesterday I left Dantzic; my\nhealth is very good. Every letter that comes from St. Cloud tells me\nyou are always weeping. That is not well; it is necessary for you to\nkeep well and be cheerful.\n\nHortense is still unwell; what you tell me of her makes me very sorry\nfor her.\n\nAdieu, dear; think of all the affection I bear for you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 5th.--Russians defeated at Spanden; Bernadotte wounded._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 76.",
    "body": "_June 6th.--Russians defeated at Deppen by Soult._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Finckenstein, June 6, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I am in flourishing health. Your yesterday's letter pained\nme; it seems to me that you are always grieving, and that you are not\nreasonable. The weather is very fine.\n\nAdieu, dear; I love you and wish to see you cheerful and contented.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 9th.--Russians defeated at Guttstadt by Napoleon, and_\n\n  _June 10th.--At Heilsberg._\n\n  _June 14th.--Battle of Friedland, completing the \"Campaign of Ten\n  Days.\"_",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 77.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Friedland, June 15, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you only a line, for I am very tired, by reason of\nseveral days' bivouacking. My children have worthily celebrated the\nanniversary of the battle of Marengo.\n\nThe battle of Friedland will be as celebrated for my people, and\nequally glorious. The entire Russian army routed, 80 pieces of cannon\ncaptured, 30,000 men taken or slain, 25 Russian generals killed,\nwounded, or taken, the Russian Guard wiped out. The battle is worthy\nof her sisters--Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena. The bulletin will tell you\nthe rest. My loss is not considerable. I out-manoeuvred the enemy\nsuccessfully.\n\nBe content and without uneasiness.\n\nAdieu, dear; my horse is waiting.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nYou may give this news as official, if it arrives before the bulletin.\nThey may also fire salvoes. Cambaceres will make the proclamation.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 78.",
    "body": "_June 16th.--Koenigsberg captured by Soult--\"what was left to the\n  King of Prussia is conquered.\"_\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Friedland_, _June 16, 1807_, 4 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--Yesterday I despatched Moustache with the news of the\nbattle of Friedland. Since then I have continued to pursue the enemy.\nKoenigsberg, which is a town of 80,000 souls, is in my power. I have\nfound there many cannon, large stores, and, lastly, more than 160,000\nmuskets, which have come from England.\n\nAdieu, dear. My health is perfect, although I have a slight\ncatarrh caused by bivouacking in the rain and cold. Be happy and\ncheerful.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 17th.--Neisse, in Silesia, with 6000 men, surrenders to the\n  French; also_\n\n  _June 18th--Glatz._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 79.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, June 19, 1807._\n\nThis morning I despatched Tascher to you, to calm all your fears. Here\nall goes splendidly. The battle of Friedland has decided everything.\nThe enemy is confounded, overwhelmed, and greatly weakened.\n\nMy health is good, and my army is superb.\n\nAdieu, dear. Be cheerful and contented.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 21st.--Armistice concluded at Tilsit._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 80.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, June 22, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter of June 10th. I am sorry to see you are\nso depressed. You will see by the bulletin that I have concluded a\nsuspension of arms, and that we are negotiating peace. Be contented\nand cheerful.\n\nI despatched Borghese to you, and, twelve hours later, Moustache;\ntherefore you should have received in good time my letters and the\nnews of the grand battle of Friedland.\n\nI am wonderfully well, and wish to hear that you are happy.--Yours\never,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 81.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, June 25, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have just seen the Emperor Alexander. I was much pleased\nwith him. He is a very handsome, young, and kind-hearted Emperor; he\nhas more intelligence than people usually give him credit for.\nTo-morrow he will lodge in the town of Tilsit.\n\nAdieu, dear. I am very anxious to hear that you are well and happy. My\nhealth is very good.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 82.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, July 3, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--M. de Turenne will give you full details of all that\nhas occurred here. Everything goes excellently. I think I told you\nthat the Emperor of Russia drinks your health with much cordiality.\nHe, as well as the King of Prussia, dines with me every day. I\nsincerely trust that you are happy. Adieu, dear. A thousand loving\nremembrances.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 83.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, July 6, 1807._\n\nI have your letter of June 25th. I was grieved to see that you were\nselfish, and that the success of my arms should have no charm for\nyou.\n\nThe beautiful Queen of Prussia is to come to-morrow to dine with me.\n\nI am well, and am longing to see you again, when destiny shall so\norder it. Still, it may be sooner than we expect.\n\nAdieu, dear; a thousand loving remembrances.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 84.",
    "body": "_July 7th.--Peace signed between France and Russia._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, July 7, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--Yesterday the Queen of Prussia dined with me. I had to be\non the defence against some further concessions she wished me to make\nto her husband; but I was very polite, and yet held firmly to my\npolicy. She is very charming. I shall soon give you the details, which\nI could not possibly give you now unless at great length. When you\nread this letter, peace with Prussia and Russia will be concluded, and\nJerome acknowledged King of Westphalia, with a population of three\nmillions. This news is for yourself alone.\n\nAdieu, dear; I love you, and wish to know that you are cheerful and\ncontented.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 85.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Tilsit, July 8,[26] 1807._\n\nThe Queen of Prussia is really charming; she is full of _coquetterie_\nfor me; but don't be jealous; I am an oil-cloth over which all that\ncan only glide. It would cost me too much to play the lover.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nNo. 12,875 of the _Correspondence_ (taken from Las Cases).\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 9th.--Peace signed between France and Prussia, the latter\n  resigning all its possessions between the Rhine and the Elbe._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 86.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Dresden, July 18, 1807, Noon._\n\n_My Dear_,--Yesterday I arrived at Dresden at 5 P.M., in excellent\nhealth, although I remained a hundred hours in the carriage without\ngetting out. I am staying here with the King of Saxony, with whom I am\nhighly pleased. I have now therefore traversed more than half the\ndistance that separates us.\n\nIt is very likely that one of these fine nights I may descend upon St.\nCloud like a jealous husband, so beware.\n\nAdieu, dear; I shall have great pleasure in seeing you.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 25th._--Plot of Prince Ferdinand of Asturias against his\n  parents, the King and Queen of Spain.\n\n  _July 27th.--Napoleon arrives at St. Cloud,_ 5 A.M.\n\n  _August 19th.--Napoleon suppresses the French Tribunate._\n\n  _August 20th.--Marshal Brune captures Stralsund from the Swedes._\n\n  _September 1st.--The Ionian Isles become part of the French\n  Empire._\n\n  _September 5th to 7th._--Bombardment of Copenhagen by the\n  English.\n\n  _September 7th.--Occupation of Rugen by Marshal Brune._\n\n  _October 6th._--War between Russia and Sweden.\n\n  _October 16th.--Treaty of alliance between France and Denmark._\n\n  _October 17th.--Junot with 27,000 men starts for Portugal, with\n  whom France has been nominally at war since 1801._\n\n  _October 27th.--Treaty of Fontainebleau signed between France and\n  Spain. (Plot of Prince Ferdinand against his father discovered at\n  Madrid the same day.)_\n\n  _November 8th._--Russia declares war against England.\n\n  _November 15th.--Napoleon constitutes the kingdom of Westphalia,\n  with his brother Jerome as king._\n\n  _November 26th.--Junot enters Abrantes, and on_\n\n  _November 30th, enters Lisbon._\n\n  _December 9th._--Trade suspended between England and the United\n  States (_re_ rights of neutrals).\n\n  _December 23rd.--France levies a contribution of 100 million\n  francs on Portugal._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [22] Murat and Borghese.\n\n  [23] Eugene's eldest daughter, the Princess Josephine Maximilienne\n       Auguste, born March 14, 1807; married Bernadotte's son, Prince\n       Oscar, June 18, 1827.\n\n  [24] _Toute diablesse._\n\n  [25] Charles Napoleon, Prince Royal of Holland, died at the Hague, May\n       5, 1807.\n\n  [26] Presumed date.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES H\n\n\n\"Napoleon was received with unbounded adulation by all the towns of\nItaly.... He was the Redeemer of France, but the Creator of\nItaly.\"--ALISON, _Hist. of Europe_ (vol. xi. 280).\n\n\n\n\nSERIES H\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 264-267.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Milan_                         264\n         _Mont Cenis_                    264\n         _Eugene_                        264\n\n  No. 2. _Venice_                        265\n         _November 30th_                 265\n\n  No. 3. _Udine_                       265-7\n         _I may soon be in Paris_        267\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING THE\nJOURNEY HE MADE IN ITALY, 1807.\n\n\n  _November 16th.--Napoleon leaves Fontainebleau._\n\n  _November 22nd-25th.--At Milan._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Milan, November 25, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have been here two days. I am very glad that I did not\nbring you here; you would have suffered dreadfully in crossing Mont\nCenis, where a storm detained me twenty-four hours.\n\nI found Eugene in good health; I am very pleased with him. The Princess\nis ill; I went to see her at Monza. She has had a miscarriage; she is\ngetting better.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 29th to December 7th.--At Venice (writes Talleyrand,\n  \"This land is a phenomenon of the power of commerce\")._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Venice, November 30, 1807._\n\nI have your letter of November 22nd. The last two days I have been at\nVenice. The weather is very bad, which has not prevented me from\nsailing over the lagoons in order to see the different forts.\n\nI am glad to see you are enjoying yourself at Paris.\n\nThe King of Bavaria, with his family, as well as the Princess Eliza,\nare here.\n\nI am spending December 2nd[27] here, and that past I shall be on my\nway home, and very glad to see you.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Udine, December 11, 1807._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter of December 3rd, from which I note that\nyou were much pleased with the Jardin des Plantes. Here I am at the\nextreme limit of my journey; it is possible I may soon be in Paris,\nwhere I shall be very glad to see you again. The weather has not as\nyet been cold here, but very rainy. I have profited by this good\nseason up to the last moment, for I suppose that at Christmas the\nwinter will at length make itself felt.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 12th.--At Udine._\n\n  _December 14th.--At Mantua._\n\n  _December 16th.--At Milan (till December 26th)._\n\n  _December 17th.--His Milan decree against English commerce._\n\n  _December 27th-28th.--At Turin._\n\n\n1808.\n\n  _January 1st.--At Paris._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [27] His Coronation Day.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES I\n\n\n\"The imbecility of Charles IV., the vileness of Ferdinand, and the\ncorruption of Godoy were undoubtedly the proximate causes of the\ncalamities which overwhelmed Spain.\"--NAPIER'S _Peninsular War_ (vol.\ni. preface).\n\n\n\n\nSERIES I\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 267-269.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                          PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Bayonne_                                 267\n\n  No. 2. _A country-house_                         267\n         _Everything is still most primitive_      267\n\n  No. 3. _Prince of the Asturias_                  268\n         _The Queen_                               268\n\n  No. 4. _A son has been born_                     268\n         _Arrive on the 27th_                      269\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING THE\nSTAY THAT HE MADE AT BAYONNE,\n1808.\n\n\n  \"This year offers a strange picture. The Emperor Napoleon was at\n  Venice in the month of January, surrounded by the homage of all\n  the courts and princes of Italy; in the month of April he was at\n  Bayonne, surrounded by that of Spain, and the great personages of\n  that country; and, finally, in the month of October he is at\n  Erfurth, with his _parterre_ of kings.\"--_Memoires du Duc de\n  Rovigo._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _January 27th.--Queen and Prince Regent of Portugal reach Rio de\n  Janeiro._\n\n  _February 2nd.--French troops enter Rome._\n\n  _February 17th.--French occupy Pampeluna, and_\n\n  _February 29th.--Barcelona._\n\n  _March 19th.--Charles IV. abdicates, and his son proclaimed\n  Ferdinand VII._\n\n  _March 20th.--Godoy imprisoned by Ferdinand._\n\n  _March 23rd.--Murat enters Madrid._\n\n  _March 27th.--Napoleon excommunicated._\n\n  _April 15th.--Napoleon arrives at Bayonne._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT BORDEAUX.\n\n  _Bayonne, April 16, 1808._\n\nI have arrived here in good health, rather tired by a dull journey and\na very bad road.\n\nI am very glad you stayed behind, for the houses here are wretched and\nvery small.\n\nI go to-day into a small house in the country, about a mile from the\ntown.\n\nAdieu, dear. Take care of yourself.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT BORDEAUX.\n\n  _Bayonne, April 17, 1808._\n\nI have just received yours of April 15th. What you tell me of the\nowner of the country-house pleases me. Go and spend the day there\nsometimes.\n\nI am sending an order for you to have 20,000 francs per month\nadditional while I am away, counting from the 1st of April.\n\nI am lodged atrociously. I am leaving this place in an hour, to occupy\na country-house (_bastide_) about a mile away. The Infant Don Carlos\nand five or six Spanish grandees are here, the Prince of the Asturias\nfifty miles away. King Charles and the Queen are due. I know not how I\nshall lodge all these people. Everything here is still most primitive\n(_a l'auberge_). The health of my troops in Spain is good.\n\nIt took me some time to understand your little jokes; I have laughed\nat your recollections. O you women, what memories you have!\n\nMy health is fairly good, and I love you most affectionately. I wish\nyou to give my kind regards to everybody at Bordeaux; I have been too\nbusy to send them to anybody.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 20th.--Ferdinand arrives at Bayonne._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT BORDEAUX.\n\n  _April 21, 1808._\n\nI have just received your letter of April 19th. Yesterday I had the\nPrince of the Asturias and his suite to dinner, which occasioned me\nconsiderable embarrassment. I am waiting for Charles IV. and the\nQueen.\n\nMy health is good. I am now sufficiently recovered for the campaign.\n\nAdieu, dear. Your letters always give me much pleasure.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT BORDEAUX.\n\n  _Bayonne, April 23, 1808._\n\n_My Dear_,--A son has been born to Hortense;[28] I am highly\ndelighted. I am not surprised that you tell me nothing of it, since\nyour letter is dated the 21st, and the child was only born on the\n20th,[29] during the night.\n\nYou can start on the 26th, sleep at Mont de Marsan, and arrive here on\nthe 27th. Have your best dinner-service sent on here on the 25th, in\nthe evening. I have made arrangements for you to have a little house\nin the country, next to the one I have. My health is good.\n\nI am waiting for Charles IV. and his wife.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 30th.--Charles IV. and the Queen arrive at Bayonne._\n\n  _May 1st.--Ferdinand gives back the crown to his father._\n\n  _May 2nd.--Murat subdues insurrection at Madrid._\n\n  _May 5th.--Treaty of Bayonne; Charles IV. and Ferdinand (May 6)\n  surrender to Napoleon their rights to the Spanish crown._\n\n  _May 13th.--Spanish Junta ask for Joseph Bonaparte to be their\n  king._\n\n  _June 6th.--King Joseph proclaimed King of Spain and the Indies by\n  Napoleon, in an imperial decree, dated Bayonne._\n\n  _June 7th.--French, under Dupont, sacked Cordova._\n\n  _June 9th.--Emperor of Austria calls out his militia._\n\n  _June 15th.--French fleet at Cadiz surrender to the Spanish._\n\n  _July 4th.--English cease hostilities with Spain, and recognise\n  Ferdinand VII._\n\n  _July 7th.--Spanish new constitution sworn to by Joseph and by the\n  Junta._\n\n  _July 9th.--Commences the siege of Saragossa._\n\n  _July 14th.--Bessieres defeats 40,000 Spaniards at Medina de Rio\n  Seco._\n\n  _July 15th.--Murat declared King of Naples._\n\n  _July 20th.--Joseph enters Madrid._ Mahmoud deposed by his younger\n  brother at Constantinople.\n\n  _July 22nd.--Dupont capitulates at Baylen--\"the only stain on\n  French arms for twenty years (1792-1812).\"_--Montgaillard.\n\n  _July 30th.--French protest against Austrian armaments._\n\n  _August 1st.--Wellington landed in Portugal._\n\n  _August 21st.--Battle of Vimiera, creditable to Junot._\n\n  _August 25th.--Spanish troops reoccupy Madrid._\n\n  _August 30th.--Convention of Cintra. French only hold Barcelona,\n  Biscay, Navarre, and Alava, in the whole of Spain._\n\n  _September 8th.--Convention of Paris (Prussia and France);\n  Prussian army not to exceed 40,000 men._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [28] Charles Louis Napoleon, afterwards Napoleon III.\n\n  [29] At 17 Rue Lafitte.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES J\n\n\n  \"When he shows as seeking quarter, with paws like hands in prayer,\n  _That_ is the time of peril--the time of the truce of the Bear!\"\n\n  --KIPLING.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES J\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 269-273.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                             PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _I have rather a cold_                       270\n         _I am pleased with the Emperor_              270\n\n  No. 2. _Shooting over the battlefield of Jena_      271\n         _The Weimar ball_                            271\n         _A few trifling ailments_                    271\n\n  No. 3. _I am pleased with Alexander_                272\n         _He ought to be with me_                     272\n         _Erfurt_                                     273\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING HIS\nSTAY AT ERFURT, 1808.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _Erfurt, September 29, 1808._\n\nI have rather a cold. I have received your letter, dated Malmaison. I\nam well pleased with the Emperor and every one here.\n\nIt is an hour after midnight, and I am tired.\n\nAdieu, dear; take care of yourself.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n  _October 9, 1808._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. I note with pleasure that you\nare well. I have just been shooting over the battlefield of Jena. We\nhad breakfast (_dejeune_) at the spot where I bivouacked on the night\nof the battle.\n\nI assisted at the Weimar ball. The Emperor Alexander dances; but not\nI. Forty years are forty years.\n\nMy health is really sound, in spite of a few trifling ailments.\n\nAdieu, dear; I hope to see you soon.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT ST. CLOUD.\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you seldom; I am very busy. Conversations which\nlast whole days, and which do not improve my cold. Still all goes\nwell. I am pleased with Alexander; he ought to be with me. If he were\na woman, I think I should make him my sweetheart.\n\nI shall be back to you shortly; keep well and let me find you plump\nand rosy.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES K\n\n\n\"The winter campaign commenced on the 1st of November 1808, and\nterminated on the 1st of March 1809, to the advantage of the\nFrench, who, for that reason, denominate it the _Imperial Campaign_.\nThe Spaniards were long before they could recover from the terror\ncaused by the defeat of their armies, the capture of Madrid, the\nsurrender of Saragossa, and the departure of the English from\nCorunna.\"--_Sarrazin's History of the War in Spain and Portugal_,\n1815.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES K\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 273-278.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                                           PAGE\n\n  No. 5. Aranda                                                     273\n\n  No. 6. Madrid                                                     273\n          _Parisian weather_                                        273\n\n  No. 8. _Kourakin_                                                 274\n\n  No. 9. _The English_ appear to have received reinforcements       274\n\n  No. 10. _Benavente_                                               274\n          _The English flee panic-stricken_                         274\n          _The weather_                                             274\n          _Lefebvre_                                                275\n\n  No. 11. _Your letters_                                          275-6\n\n  No. 12. _The English are in utter rout_                           276\n\n  Nos. 13 & 14. Valladolid                                          277\n          _Eugene has a daughter_                                   277\n          _They are foolish in Paris_                               277\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO\nTHE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING THE\nSPANISH CAMPAIGN, 1808 AND 1809.\n\n\n  _October 29th.--English enter Spain._\n\n  _October 31st.--Blake defeated by Lefebvre at Tornosa._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _November 3, 1808._\n\nI arrived to-night[30] with considerable trouble. I had ridden several\nstages at full speed. Still, I am well.\n\nTo-morrow I start for Spain.\n\nMy troops are arriving in force.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 4th.--Napoleon enters Spain._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Tolosa, November 5, 1808._\n\nI am at Tolosa. I am starting for Vittoria, where I shall be in a few\nhours. I am fairly well, and I hope everything will soon be\ncompleted.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Vittoria, November 7._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have been the last two days at Vittoria. I am in good\nhealth. My troops are arriving daily; the Guard arrived to-day.\n\nThe King is in very good health. I am very busy.\n\nI know that you are in Paris. Never doubt my affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 10th._--Battle of Burgos. _Soult and Bessieres defeat\n  Spaniards, who lose 3000 killed and 3000 prisoners, and 20\n  cannon._\n\n  _November 12th._--Battle of Espinosa. _Marshal Victor defeats La\n  Romana and Blake, who lose 20,000 men and 50 cannon._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_November 14th._--Third revolution at Constantinople. _Mahmoud IV.\n  assassinated (November 15th)._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Burgos, November 14, 1808._\n\nMatters here are progressing at a great rate. The weather is very\nfine. We are successful. My health is very good.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 23rd.--Battle of Tudela. Castanos and Palafox\n  defeated, with loss of 7000 men and 30 cannon, by Marshal\n  Lannes. \"The battle of Tudela makes the pendant of that of\n  Espinosa.\"_--NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _November 26, 1808._\n\nI have received your letter. I trust that your health be as good as\nmine is, although I am very busy. All goes well here.\n\nI think you should return to the Tuileries on December 21st, and from\nthat date give a concert daily for eight days.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nKind regards to Hortense and to M. Napoleon.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 3rd.--French voluntarily evacuate Berlin._\n\n  _December 4th.--Surrender of Madrid. Napoleon abolishes the\n  Inquisition and feudal rights._ (\"_He regards the taking of a\n  capital as decisive for the submission of a whole kingdom; thus in\n  1814 will act his adversaries, pale but judicious imitators of his\n  strategy._\"--Montgaillard.)",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _December 7, 1808._\n\nYour letter of the 28th to hand. I am glad to see that you are well.\nYou will have seen that young Tascher has distinguished himself, which\nhas pleased me. My health is good.\n\nHere we are enjoying Parisian weather of the last fortnight in May. We\nare hot, and have no fires; but the nights are rather cool.\n\nMadrid is quiet. All my affairs prosper.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nKind regards to Hortense and to M. Napoleon.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Chamartin, December 10, 1808._\n\n_My Dear_,--Yours to hand, in which you tell me what bad weather you\nare having in Paris; here it is the best weather imaginable. Please\ntell me what mean these alterations Hortense is making; I hear she is\nsending away her servants. Is it because they have refused to do what\nwas required? Give me some particulars. Reforms are not desirable.\n\nAdieu, dear. The weather here is delightful. All goes excellently, and\nI pray you to keep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _December 21, 1808._\n\nYou ought to have been at the Tuileries on the 12th. I trust you may\nhave been pleased with your rooms.\n\nI have authorised the presentation of Kourakin to you and the family;\nbe kind to him, and let him take part in your plays.\n\nAdieu, dear. I am well. The weather is rainy; it is rather cold.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "_December 22nd.--Napoleon quits Madrid._\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Madrid, December 22, 1808._\n\nI start at once to outmanoeuvre the English, who appear to have\nreceived reinforcements and wish to look big.\n\nThe weather is fine, my health perfect; don't be uneasy.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Benavento, December 31, 1808._\n\n_My Dear_,--The last few days I have been in pursuit of the English,\nbut they flee panic-stricken. They have pusillanimously abandoned the\nremnant of La Romana's army in order not to delay its retreat a single\nhalf day. More than a hundred waggons of their baggage have already\nbeen taken. The weather is very bad.\n\nLefebvre[31] has been captured. He took part in a skirmish with 300 of\nhis chasseurs; these idiots crossed a river by swimming and threw\nthemselves in the midst of the English cavalry; they killed several,\nbut on their return Lefebvre had his horse wounded; it was swimming,\nthe current took him to the bank where the English were; he was taken.\nConsole his wife.\n\nAdieu, dear. Bessieres, with 10,000 cavalry, is at Astorga.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nA happy New Year to everybody.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _January 3, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letters of the 18th and 21st. I am\nclose behind the English.\n\nThe weather is cold and rigorous, but all goes well.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nA happy New Year, and a very happy one, to my Josephine.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Benavento, January 5, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you a line. The English are in utter rout; I have\ninstructed the Duke of Dalmatia to pursue them closely (_l'epee dans\nles reins_). I am well; the weather bad.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _January 8, 1809._\n\nI have received yours of the 23rd and 26th. I am sorry to see you have\ntoothache. I have been here two days. The weather is what we must\nexpect at this season. The English are embarking. I am in good\nhealth.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\nI am writing Hortense. Eugene has a daughter.\n\nYours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _January 9, 1809._\n\nMoustache brings me your letter of 31st December. I see from it, dear,\nthat you are sad and have very gloomy disquietudes. Austria will not\nmake war on me; if she does, I have 150,000 men in Germany and as many\non the Rhine, and 400,000 Germans to reply to her. Russia will not\nseparate herself from me. They are foolish in Paris; all goes well.\n\nI shall be at Paris the moment I think it worth while. I advise you to\nbeware of ghosts; one fine day, at two o'clock in the morning.\n\nBut adieu, dear; I am well, and am yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [30] At Bayonne.\n\n  [31] General Lefebvre--Desnouettes.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES L\n\n\n\"Berthier, incapable of acting a principal part, was surprised, and\nmaking a succession of false movements that would have been fatal to\nthe French army, if the Emperor, journeying night and day, had not\narrived at the very hour when his lieutenant was on the point of\nconsummating the ruin of the army. But then was seen the supernatural\nforce of Napoleon's genius. In a few hours he changed the aspect of\naffairs, and in a few days, maugre their immense number, his enemies,\nbaffled and flying in all directions, proclaimed his mastery in an art\nwhich, up to that moment, was imperfect; for never, since troops first\ntrod a field of battle, was such a display of military genius made by\nman.\"--NAPIER.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES L\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 278-295.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                                            PAGE\n\n          Napoleon's position in Europe                              278\n\n  No. 1. _Donauwerth_                                                281\n          The Ratisbon proclamation, and first successes of\n            the campaign up to April 23rd                          281-2\n\n  No. 2. _May 6th_                                                   282\n          _The ball that touched me_                                 283\n\n  No. 3. Baron Marbot's foray; and memories of Richard\n            Coeur de Lion                                            284\n\n  No. 4. _Schoenbrunn_                                             284-5\n          _May 12th_                                                 285\n\n  No. 5. _Ebersdorf_                                                 286\n          _Eugene... has completely performed the task_              287\n\n  No. 6. _May 29th_                                                  288\n\n  No. 7. _I have ordered the two princes_                          288-9\n          _The Duke of Montebello_                                   289\n          _Thus everything ends_                                     289\n\n  No. 9. _Eugene won a battle_                                       290\n\n  No. 11. _Wagram_                                                   290\n          _Lasalle_                                                  291\n          _I am sunburnt_                                            291\n\n  No. 12. _A surfeit of bile_                                        291\n          _Wolkersdorf_                                              291\n\n  No. 16. _My affairs follow my wishes_                              292\n\n  No. 17. _August 21st_                                              292\n\n  No. 18. _Comedians_                                                292\n          _Women ... not having been presented_                      293\n\n  No. 19. _All this is very suspicious_                              293\n\n  No. 20. _Krems_                                                    293\n          _My health has never been better_                          293\n\n  No. 23. _October 14th_                                             294\n\n  No. 24. _Stuttgard_                                                295\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE DURING THE\nAUSTRIAN CAMPAIGN, 1809.\n\n\nEVENTS OF 1809.\n\n  _January 7th._--King and Queen of Prussia visit Alexander at St.\n  Petersburg.\n\n  _January 12th._--Cayenne and French Guiana captured by Spanish and\n  Portuguese South Americans.\n\n  _January 13th._--Combat of Alcazar. Victor defeats Spaniards.\n\n  _January 14th._--Treaty of Alliance between England and Spain.\n\n  _January 16th._--Battle of Corunna. Moore killed; Baird wounded.\n\n  _January 17th._--English army sails for England.\n\n  _January 22nd._--King Joseph returns to Madrid.\n\n  _January 27th._--Soult takes Ferrol (retaken by English, June\n  22nd).\n\n  _February 21st._--Lannes takes Saragossa.\n\n  _February 23rd._--English capture Martinique.\n\n  _March 4th._--Madison made President of United States.\n\n  _March 29th._--Soult fights battle of Oporto. Spaniards lose\n  20,000 men and 200 guns. Gustavus Adolphus abdicates throne of\n  Sweden.\n\n  _April 9th._--Austrians under Archduke Charles cross the Inn,\n  enter Bavaria, and take Munich. _Napoleon receives this news April\n  12th, and reaches Strasburg April 15th._\n\n  _April 15th._--Eugene defeated on the Tagliamento.\n\n  _April 16th._--And at Sacile.\n\n  _April 19th._--Combat of Pfafferhofen. Oudinot repulses Austrians,\n  while Davoust wins the Battle of Thann. _Napoleon joins the\n  army._\n\n  _April 20th._--Battle of Abensberg. Archduke Louis defeated.\n  Austrians take Ratisbon, and 1800 prisoners. Poles defeated by\n  Archduke Ferdinand at Baszy.\n\n  _April 21st._--Combat of Landshut; heavy Austrian losses.\n  Austrians under Archduke Ferdinand take Warsaw.\n\n  _April 22nd.--Battle of Eckmuehl. Napoleon defeats Archduke\n  Charles._\n\n  _April 23rd._--French take Ratisbon.\n\n  _April 25th._--King of Bavaria re-enters Munich.\n\n  _April 26th._--French army crosses the Inn.\n\n  _April 28th-30th._--French force the Salza, and cut in two the\n  main Austrian army--\"One of the most beautiful manoeuvres of\n  modern tactics\" (_Montgaillard_).\n\n  _April 29th._--Combat of Caldiero. Eugene defeats Archduke John.\n\n  _May 3rd._--Russia declares war on Austria, and enters Galicia.\n\n  _May 4th._--Combat of Ebersberg. Massena defeats Austrians, but\n  loses a large number of men.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Donauwoerth, April 17, 1809._\n\nI arrived here yesterday at 4 A.M.; I am just leaving it. Everything\nis under way. Military operations are in full activity. Up to the\npresent, there is nothing new.\n\nMy health is good.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Enns, May 6, 1809, Noon._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. The ball that touched me has\nnot wounded me; it barely grazed the tendon Achilles.\n\nMy health is very good. You are wrong to be uneasy.\n\nMy affairs here go excellently.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nKind regards to Hortense and the Duke de Berg.[32]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _May 8th._--Eugene crosses the Piave, and defeats Archduke John.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Saint-Polten, May 9, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write you from Saint-Polten. To-morrow I shall be before\nVienna; it will be exactly a month to the day after the Austrians\ncrossed the Inn, and violated peace.\n\nMy health is good, the weather splendid, and the soldiery very\ncheerful; there is wine here.\n\nKeep well.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _May 13th._--French occupy Vienna, after a bombardment of\n  thirty-six hours.\n\n  _May 17th._--Roman States united to the French Empire.\n\n  _May 18th._--French occupy Trieste.\n\n  _May 19th._--Lefebvre occupies Innsbruck.\n\n  _May 20th._--Eugene reaches Klagenfurt.\n\n  _May 21st-22nd._--Battle of Essling. A drawn battle, unfavourable\n  to the French, who lose Marshal Lannes, three generals killed, and\n  500 officers and 18,000 men wounded. The Archduke admits a loss of\n  4200 killed and 16,000 wounded.\n\n  _May 22nd._--Meerveldt with 4000 men surrenders at Laybach to\n  Macdonald.\n\n  _May 25th._--Eugene reaches Leoben in Styria, and captures most of\n  the corps of Jellachich.\n\n  _May 26th._--Eugene joins the army of Germany, at Bruck in\n  Styria.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_May 12th._--Soult evacuates Portugal. Wellington crosses the\n  Douro, and enters Spain.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, May 12, 1809._\n\nI am despatching the brother of the Duchess of Montebello to let you\nknow that I am master of Vienna, and that everything here goes\nperfectly. My health is very good.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Ebersdorf, May 27, 1809._\n\nI am despatching a page to tell you that Eugene has rejoined me with\nall his army; that he has completely performed the task that I\nentrusted him with; and has almost entirely destroyed the enemy's army\nopposed to him.\n\nI send you my proclamation to the army of Italy, which will make you\nunderstand all this.\n\nI am very well.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n_P.S._--You can have this proclamation printed at Strasburg, and have\nit translated into French and German, in order that it may be\nscattered broadcast over Germany. Give a copy of the proclamation to\nthe page who goes on to Paris.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _May 28th._--Hofer defeats Bavarians at Innsbruck.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Ebersdorf_, _May 29, 1809_, 7 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have been here since yesterday; I am stopped by the\nriver. The bridge has been burnt; I shall cross at midnight.\nEverything here goes as I wish it, viz., very well.\n\nThe Austrians have been overwhelmed (_frappes de la foudre_).\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Ebersdorf May 31, 1809._\n\nYour letter of the 26th to hand. I have written you that you can go to\nPlombieres. I do not care for you to go to Baden; it is not necessary\nto leave France. I have ordered the two princes to re-enter\nFrance.[33]\n\nThe loss of the Duke of Montebello, who died this morning, has grieved\nme exceedingly. Thus everything ends!!\n\nAdieu, dear; if you can help to console the poor Marechale, do\nso.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 1st._--Archduke Ferdinand evacuates Warsaw.\n\n  _June 6th._--Regent of Sweden proclaimed King as Charles XIII.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT STRASBURG.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, June 9, 1809._\n\nI have received your letter; I see with pleasure that you are going to\nthe waters at Plombieres, they will do you good.\n\nEugene is in Hungary with his army. I am well, the weather very fine.\nI note with pleasure that Hortense and the Duke of Berg are in\nFrance.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 10th._--Union of the Papal States to France promulgated in\n  Rome.\n\n  _June 11th.--Napoleon and all his abettors excommunicated._\n\n  _June 14th._--Eugene, aided by Macdonald and Lauriston, defeats\n  Archduke Ferdinand at Raab.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, June 16, 1809._\n\nI despatch a page to tell you that, on the 14th, the anniversary of\nMarengo, Eugene won a battle against the Archduke John and the\nArchduke Palatine, at Raab, in Hungary; that he has taken 3000 men,\nmany pieces of cannon, 4 flags, and pursued them a long way on the\nroad to Buda-Pesth.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 18th._--Combat of Belchite. Blake defeated by Suchet near\n  Saragossa.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, June 19, 1809, Noon._\n\nI have your letter, which tells me of your departure for Plombieres. I\nam glad you are making this journey, because I trust it may do you\ngood.\n\nEugene is in Hungary, and is well. My health is very good, and the\narmy in fighting trim.\n\nI am very glad to know that the Grand Duke of Berg is with you.\n\nAdieu, dear. You know my affection for my Josephine; it never\nvaries.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 4th-5th._--French cross Danube, and win battle of\n  Enzersdorff.\n\n  _July 5th-6th._--Pope Pius VII. carried off from Rome by order of\n  Murat; eventually kept at Savona.\n\n  _July 6th.--Battle of Wagram._ The most formidable artillery\n  battle ever fought up to this date (900 guns in action). The\n  Austrians had 120,000 men, with more guns and of larger calibre\n  than those of the French.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "_July 7th._--St. Domingo surrenders to the English.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Ebersdorf_, _July 7, 1809_, 5 A.M.\n\nI am despatching a page to bring you the good tidings of the victory\nof Enzersdorf, which I won on the 5th, and that of Wagram, which I won\non the 6th.\n\nThe enemy's army flies in disorder, and all goes according to my\nprayers (_voeux_).\n\nEugene is well. Prince Aldobrandini is wounded, but slightly.\n\nBessieres has been shot through the fleshy part of his thigh; the\nwound is very slight. Lasalle was killed. My losses are full heavy,\nbut the victory is decisive and complete. We have taken more than 100\npieces of cannon, 12 flags, many prisoners.\n\nI am sunburnt.\n\nAdieu, dear. I send you a kiss. Kind regards to Hortense.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Wolkersdorf_, _July 9, 1809_, 2 A.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--All goes here as I wish. My enemies are defeated, beaten,\nutterly routed. They were in great numbers; I have wiped them out.\nTo-day my health is good; yesterday I was rather ill with a surfeit of\nbile, occasioned by so many hardships, but it has done me much good.\n\nAdieu, dear. I am in excellent health.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 12th._--Armistice of Znaim. Archduke Charles resigns his\n  command.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _In the Camp, before Znaim, July 13, 1809._\n\nI send you the suspension of arms concluded yesterday with the\nAustrian General. Eugene is on the Hungary side, and is well. Send a\ncopy of the suspension of arms to Cambaceres, in case he has not yet\nreceived one.\n\nI send you a kiss, and am very well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\nYou may cause this suspension of arms to be printed at Nancy.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 14th._--English seize Senegal. Oudinot, Marmont, Macdonald\n  made Marshals.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, July 17, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have sent you one of my pages. You will have learnt the\nresult of the battle of Wagram, and, later, of the suspension of arms\nof Znaim.\n\nMy health is good. Eugene is well, and I long to know that you, as\nwell as Hortense, are the same.\n\nGive a kiss for me to Monsieur, the Grand Duke of Berg.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, July 24, 1809._\n\nI have just received yours of July 18th. I note with pleasure that the\nwaters are doing you good. I see no objection to you going back to\nMalmaison after you have finished your treatment.\n\nIt is hot enough here in all conscience. My health is excellent.\n\nAdieu, dear. Eugene is at Vienna, in the best of health.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 28th.--Battle of Talavera._ Wellington repulses Victor, who\n  attacks by King Joseph's order, without waiting for the arrival of\n  Soult with the main army. Wellington retires on Portugal.\n\n  _July 29th-31st._--Walcheren Expedition; 17,000 English land in\n  Belgium.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PLOMBIERES.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, August 7, 1809._\n\nI see from your letter that you are at Plombieres, and intend to stay\nthere. You do well; the waters and the fine climate can only do you\ngood.\n\nI remain here. My health and my affairs follow my wishes.\n\nPlease give my kind regards to Hortense and the Napoleons.--Yours\never,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _August 8th._--Combat of Arzobispo. Soult defeats the Spaniards.\n\n  _August 15th._--Flushing surrenders to the English.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT PARIS.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, August 21, 1809._\n\nI have received your letter of August 14th, from Plombieres; I see\nfrom it that by the 18th you will be either at Paris or Malmaison. The\nheat, which is very great here, will have upset you. Malmaison must be\nvery dry and parched at this time of year.\n\nMy health is good. The heat, however, has brought on a slight\ncatarrh.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, August 26, 1809._\n\nI have your letter from Malmaison. They bring me word that you are\nplump, florid, and in the best of health, I assure you Vienna is not\nan amusing city. I would very much rather be back again in Paris.\n\nAdieu, dear. Twice a week I listen to the comedians (_bouffons_); they\nare but very middling; it, however, passes the evenings. There are\nfifty or sixty women of Vienna, but outsiders (_au parterre_), as not\nhaving been presented.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, August 31, 1809._\n\nI have had no letter from you for several days; the pleasures of\nMalmaison, the beautiful greenhouses, the beautiful gardens, cause the\nabsent to be forgotten. It is, they say, the rule of your sex. Every\none speaks only of your good health; all this is very suspicious.\n\nTo-morrow I am off with Eugene for two days in Hungary.\n\nMy health is fairly good.\n\nAdieu, dear.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Krems, September 9, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I arrived here yesterday at 2 A.M.; I have come here to\nsee my troops. My health has never been better. I know that you are\nvery well.\n\nI shall be in Paris at a moment when nobody will expect me. Everything\nhere goes excellently and to my satisfaction.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, September 23, 1809._\n\nI have received your letter of the 16th, and note that you are well.\nThe old maid's house is only worth 120,000[34] francs; they will never\nget more for it. Still, I leave you mistress to do what you like,\nsince it amuses you; only, once purchased, don't pull it down to put a\nrockery there.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 22.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, September 25, 1809._\n\nI have received your letter. Be careful, and I advise you to be\nvigilant, for one of these nights you will hear a loud knocking.\n\nMy health is good. I know nothing about the rumours; I have never been\nbetter for many a long year. Corvisart was no use to me.\n\nAdieu, dear; everything here prospers.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _September 26th._--Battle of Silistria; Turks defeat Russians.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 23.",
    "body": "_October 14th._--Treaty of Vienna, between France and Austria.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Schoenbrunn, October 14, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I write to advise you that Peace was signed two hours ago\nbetween Champagny and Prince Metternich.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 19th._--Mortier routs Spaniards at Ocana.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 24.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Nymphenburg, near Munich, October 21, 1809._\n\nI arrived here yesterday in the best of health, but shall not start\ntill to-morrow. I shall spend a day at Stuttgard. You will be advised\ntwenty-four hours in advance of my arrival at Fontainebleau.\n\nI look forward with pleasure to seeing you again, and I await that\nmoment impatiently.\n\nI send you a kiss.--Yours ever,\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 25.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Munich, October 22, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I start in an hour. I shall be at Fontainebleau from the\n26th to 27th; you may meet me there with some of your ladies.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _November 25th._--Disappearance of Benjamin Bathurst, erroneously\n  thought to have been murdered by the French, really by robbers.\n\n  _December 1st._--Capture of Gerona and 200 cannon by Augereau.\n\n  _December 16th.--French Senate pronounce the divorce of Napoleon\n  and Josephine._\n\n  _December 24th._--English re-embark from Flushing.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [32] Napoleon Louis, Prince Royal of Holland, and Grand Duke of Berg\n       from March 3, 1809.\n\n  [33] Her two grandsons, who, with Hortense, their mother, were at\n       Baden.\n\n  [34] Boispreau, belonging to Mademoiselle Julien.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES M\n\n\n\"Josephine, my excellent Josephine, thou knowest if I have loved thee!\nTo thee, to thee alone do I owe the only moments of happiness which I\nhave enjoyed in this world. Josephine, my destiny overmasters my will.\nMy dearest affections must be silent before the interests of\nFrance.\"--BOURRIENNE'S _Napoleon_.[35]\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [35] Also MEME'S _Memoirs of Josephine_, p. 333.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES M\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 295-304.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                       PAGE\n\n  No. 1. A Family Council                       295\n\n  No. 2. _Savary_                               297\n         _Queen of Naples_                      298\n         _The hunt_                             298\n\n  No. 4. _The weather is very damp_             298\n\n  No. 5. _King of Bavaria_                      299\n\n  No. 6. Their last dinner together             299\n\n  No. 7. _Tuileries_                            299\n\n  No. 8. _A house vacant in Paris_              299\n\n  No. 9. _Hortense_                             300\n\n  No. 10. A visit to Josephine                  300\n\n  No. 11. _What charms your society has_        300\n\n  No. 12. _King of Westphalia_                  301\n\n  No. 13. _Sensible_                            301\n\n  No. 14. _D'Audenarde_                         302\n\n  No. 16. The choosing of a bride               302\n\n  No. 17. Date                                  302\n\n  Nos. 18 & 19. _L'Elysee_                    302-3\n\n  No. 20. _Bessieres' country-house_            303\n\n  No. 21. _Rambouillet_                         303\n          _Adieu_                               303\n\n\n\n\nLETTERS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE AFTER THE\nDIVORCE AND BEFORE HIS MARRIAGE WITH MARIE LOUISE.\n\nDECEMBER, 1809, TO APRIL 2, 1810.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _December 1809_, 8 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I found you to-day weaker than you ought to be. You have\nshown courage; it is necessary that you should maintain it and not\ngive way to a doleful melancholy. You must be contented and take\nspecial care of your health, which is so precious to me.\n\nIf you are attached to me and if you love me, you should show strength\nof mind and force yourself to be happy. You cannot question my\nconstant and tender friendship, and you would know very imperfectly\nall the affection I have for you if you imagined that I can be happy\nif you are unhappy, and contented if you are ill at ease.\n\nAdieu, dear. Sleep well; dream that I wish it.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Tuesday, 6 o'clock._\n\nThe Queen of Naples, whom I saw at the hunt in the Bois de Boulogne,\nwhere I rode down a stag, told me that she left you yesterday at 1\nP.M. in the best of health.\n\nPlease tell me what you are doing to-day. As for me, I am very well.\nYesterday, when I saw you, I was ill. I expect you will have been for\na drive.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Trianon_, 7 P.M.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have just received your letter. Savary tells me that you\nare always crying; that is not well. I trust that you have been for a\ndrive to-day. I sent you my quarry. I shall come to see you when you\ntell me you are reasonable, and that your courage has the upper hand.\n\nTo-morrow, the whole day, I am receiving Ministers.\n\nAdieu, dear. I also am sad to-day; I need to know that you are\nsatisfied and to learn that your equilibrium (_aplomb_) is restored.\nSleep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Thursday, Noon, 1809._\n\n_My Dear_,--I wished to come and see you to-day, but I was very busy\nand rather unwell. Still, I am just off to the Council.\n\nPlease tell me how you are.\n\nThis weather is very damp, and not at all healthy.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Trianon._\n\nI should have come to see you to-day if I had not been obliged to come\nto see the King of Bavaria, who has just arrived in Paris. I shall\ncome to see you to-night at eight o'clock, and return at ten.\n\nI hope to see you to-morrow, and to see you cheerful and placid.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Trianon, Tuesday._\n\n_My Dear_,--I lay down after you left me yesterday;[36] I am going to\nParis. I wish to hear that you are cheerful. I shall come to see you\nduring the week.\n\nI have received your letters, which I am going to read in the\ncarriage.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Paris, Wednesday, Noon, 27th December 1809._\n\nEugene told me that you were very miserable all yesterday. That is not\nwell, my dear; it is contrary to what you promised me.\n\nI have been thoroughly tired in revisiting the Tuileries; that great\npalace seemed empty to me, and I felt lost in it.\n\nAdieu, dear. Keep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Paris, Sunday, December 31_, 10 A.M., 1809.\n\n_My Dear_,--To-day I have a grand parade; I shall see all my Old Guard\nand more than sixty artillery trains.\n\nThe King of Westphalia is returning home, which will leave a house\nvacant in Paris. I am sad not to see you. If the parade finishes\nbefore 3 o'clock, I will come; otherwise, to-morrow.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Thursday Evening_, 1810.\n\n_My Dear_,--Hortense, whom I saw this afternoon, has given me news of\nyou. I trust that you will have been able to see your plants to-day,\nthe weather having been fine. I have only been out for a few minutes\nat three o'clock to shoot some hares.\n\nAdieu, dear; sleep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Friday_, 8 P.M., 1810.\n\nI wished to come and see you to-day, but I cannot; it will be, I hope,\nin the morning. It is a long time since I heard from you. I learnt\nwith pleasure that you take walks in your garden these cold days.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well, and never doubt my affection.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Sunday_, 8 P.M., 1810.\n\nI was very glad to see you yesterday; I feel what charms your society\nhas for me.\n\nTo-day I walked with Esteve.[37] I have allowed L4000 for 1810, for\nthe extraordinary expenses at Malmaison. You can therefore do as much\nplanting as you like; you will distribute that sum as you may require.\nI have instructed Esteve to send L8000 the moment the contract for the\nMaison Julien shall be made. I have ordered them to pay for your\n_parure_ of rubies, which will be valued by the Department, for I do\nnot wish to be robbed by jewellers. So, there goes the L16,000 that\nthis may cost me.\n\nI have ordered them to hold the million which the Civil List owes you\nfor 1810 at the disposal of your man of business, in order to pay your\ndebts.\n\nYou should find in the coffers of Malmaison twenty to twenty-five\nthousand pounds; you can take them to buy your plate and linen.\n\nI have instructed them to make you a very fine porcelain service; they\nwill take your commands in order that it may be a very fine one.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Wednesday_, 6 P.M., 1810.\n\n_My Dear_,--I see no objection to your receiving the King of\nWestphalia whenever you wish. The King and Queen of Bavaria will\nprobably come to see you on Friday.\n\nI long to come to Malmaison, but you must really show fortitude and\nself-restraint; the page on duty this morning told me that he saw you\nweeping.\n\nI am going to dine quite alone.\n\nAdieu, dear. Never doubt the depth of my feelings for you; you would\nbe unjust and unfair if you did.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Saturday_, 1 P.M., 1810.\n\n_My Dear_,--Yesterday I saw Eugene, who told me that you gave a\nreception to the kings. I was at the concert till eight o'clock, and\nonly dined, quite alone, at that hour.\n\nI long to see you. If I do not come to-day, I will come after mass.\n\nAdieu, dear. I hope to find you sensible and in good health. This\nweather should indeed make you put on flesh.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _January 9.--The clergy of Paris annul the religious marriage of\n  Napoleon with Josephine_ (so _Biographie Universelle_, Michaud;\n  Montgaillard gives January 18). _Confirmed by the Metropolitan\n  Officialite, January 12_ (Pasquier).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Trianon, January 17, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--D'Audenarde, whom I sent to you this morning, tells me\nthat since you have been at Malmaison you have no longer any courage.\nYet that place is full of our happy memories, which can and ought\nnever to change, at least on my side.\n\nI want badly to see you, but I must have some assurance that you are\nstrong and not weak; I too am rather like you, and it makes me\nfrightfully wretched.\n\nAdieu, Josephine; good-night. If you doubted me, you would be very\nungrateful.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _January 20, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I send you the box that I promised you the day before\nyesterday--representing the Island of Lobau. I was rather tired\nyesterday. I work much, and do not go out.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Noon, Tuesday, 1810._\n\nI hear that you are making yourself miserable; this is too bad. You\nhave no confidence in me, and all the rumours that are being spread\nstrike you; this is not knowing me, Josephine. I am much annoyed, and\nif I do not find you cheerful and contented, I shall scold you right\nwell.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Sunday_, 9 P.M., 1810.\n\n_My Dear_,--I was very glad to see you the day before yesterday.\n\nI hope to go to Malmaison during the week. I have had all your affairs\nlooked after here, and ordered that everything be brought to the\nElysee-Napoleon.\n\nPlease take care of yourself.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _January 30, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--Your letter to hand. I hope the walk you had yesterday, in\norder to show people your conservatories, has done you good.\n\nI will gladly see you at the Elysee, and shall be very glad to see you\noftener, for you know how I love you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Saturday_, 6 P.M., 1810.\n\nI told Eugene that you would rather give ear to the vulgar gossip of a\ngreat city than to what I told you; yet people should not be allowed\nto invent fictions to make you miserable.\n\nI have had all your effects moved to the Elysee. You shall come to\nParis at once; but be at ease and contented, and have full confidence\nin me.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 2._--Soult occupies Seville. The Junta takes refuge at\n  Cadiz.\n\n  _February 6._--Guadeloupe surrenders to the English.\n\n  _February 7.--Convention of marriage between the Emperor Napoleon\n  and the Archduchess Marie Louise._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT THE ELYSEE-NAPOLEON.\n\n  _February 19, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. I long to see you, but the\nreflections that you make may be true. It is, perhaps, not desirable\nthat we should be under the same roof for the first year. Yet\nBessieres' country-house is too far off to go and return in one day;\nmoreover I have rather a cold, and am not sure of being able to go\nthere.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT THE ELYSEE-NAPOLEON.\n\n  _Friday_, 6 P.M., 1810.\n\nSavary, as soon as he arrived, brought me your letter; I am sorry to\nsee you are unhappy. I am very glad that you saw nothing of the fire.\n\nI had fine weather at Rambouillet.\n\nHortense told me that you had some idea of coming to a dinner at\nBessieres, and of returning to Paris to sleep. I am sorry that you\nhave not been able to manage it.\n\nAdieu, dear. Be cheerful, and consider how much you please me\nthereby.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 22.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _March 12, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I trust that you will be pleased with what I have done for\nNavarre. You must see from that how anxious I am to make myself\nagreeable to you.\n\nGet ready to take possession of Navarre; you will go there on March\n25, to pass the month of April.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 1.--Civil marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise._\n  (_Religious marriage, April 2._)\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [36] The Empress, with Hortense, had been to dine at Trianon.\n\n  [37] General Treasurer of the Crown.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES N\n\n1810\n\nAPRIL 2ND--DECEMBER 31ST\n\n(_after the Marriage with Marie Louise_).\n\n\"Bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria! nube.\"\n\n\n\n\nSERIES N\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 304-310.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                              PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _Navarre_                                     304\n         _To Malmaison_                                305\n\n  No. 1_a_. _It is written in a bad style_             305\n\n  No. 2. Josephine's wishes                            305\n\n  No. 2_a_. _Two letters_                              306\n\n  No. 3. The northern tour of 1810                     306\n         _I will come to see you_                      307\n\n  No. 4. _July 8th_                                    308\n         _You will have seen Eugene_                   308\n         _That unfortunate daughter_                   308\n\n  No. 5. _The conduct of the King of Holland_          308\n\n  No. 6. _To die in a lake_                            309\n\n  No. 8. _Paris, this Friday_                          309\n\n  No. 9. _The only suitable places_                    310\n\n  No. 10. Malmaison                                    310\n          _The Empress progresses satisfactorily_      310",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "LETTER OF THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE TO THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON.\n\n  _Navarre, April 19, 1810._\n\n_Sire_,-I have received, by my son, the assurance that your Majesty\nconsents to my return to Malmaison, and grants to me the advances\nasked for in order to make the chateau of Navarre habitable. This\ndouble favour, Sire, dispels to a great extent the uneasiness, nay,\neven the fears which your Majesty's long silence had inspired. I was\nafraid that I might be entirely banished from your memory; I see that\nI am not. I am therefore less wretched to-day, and even as happy as\nhenceforward it will be possible for me to be.\n\nI shall go at the end of the month to Malmaison, since your Majesty\nsees no objection to it. But I ought to tell you, Sire, that I should\nnot so soon have taken advantage of the latitude which your Majesty\nleft me in this respect had the house of Navarre not required, for my\nhealth's sake and for that of my household, repairs which are urgent.\nMy idea is to stay at Malmaison a very short time; I shall soon leave\nit in order to go to the waters. But while I am at Malmaison, your\nMajesty may be sure that I shall live there as if I were a thousand\nleagues from Paris. I have made a great sacrifice, Sire, and every day\nI realise more its full extent. Yet that sacrifice will be, as it\nought to be, a complete one on my part. Your Highness, amid your\nhappiness, shall be troubled by no expression of my regret.\n\nI shall pray unceasingly for your Majesty's happiness, perhaps even I\nshall pray that I may see you again; but your Majesty may be assured\nthat I shall always respect our new relationship. I shall respect it\nin silence, relying on the attachment that you had to me formerly; I\nshall call for no new proof; I shall trust to everything from your\njustice and your heart.\n\nI limit myself to asking from you one favour: it is, that you will\ndeign to find a way of sometimes convincing both myself and my\n_entourage_ that I have still a small place in your memory and a great\nplace in your esteem and friendship. By this means, whatever happens,\nmy sorrows will be mitigated without, as it seems to me, compromising\nthat which is of permanent importance to me, the happiness of your\nMajesty.\n\n  JOSEPHINE.\n\n\nNo. 1A.\n\n(_Reply of the Emperor Napoleon to the preceding._)\n\nTO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT NAVARRE.\n\n  _Compiegne, April 21, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have yours of April 18th; it is written in a bad style.\nI am always the same; people like me do not change. I know not what\nEugene has told you. I have not written to you because you have not\nwritten to me, and my sole desire is to fulfil your slightest\ninclination.\n\nI see with pleasure that you are going to Malmaison and that you are\ncontented; as for me, I shall be so likewise on hearing news from you\nand in giving you mine. I say no more about it until you have compared\nthis letter with yours, and after that I will leave you to judge which\nof us two is the better friend.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well, and be just for your sake and mine.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _April 23rd._--Battle of Lerida. Suchet defeats Spaniards.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "REPLY OF THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE.\n\nA thousand, thousand loving thanks for not having forgotten me. My son\nhas just brought me your letter. With what impetuosity I read it, and\nyet I took a long time over it, for there was not a word which did not\nmake me weep; but these tears were very pleasant ones. I have found my\nwhole heart again--such as it will always be; there are affections\nwhich are life itself, and which can only end with it.\n\nI was in despair to find my letter of the 19th had displeased you; I\ndo not remember the exact expressions, but I know what torture I felt\nin writing it--the grief at having no news from you.\n\nI wrote you on my departure from Malmaison, and since then how often\nhave I wished to write you! but I appreciated the causes of your\nsilence and feared to be importunate with a letter. Yours has been the\ntrue balm for me. Be happy, be as much so as you deserve; it is my\nwhole heart which speaks to you. You have also just given me my share\nof happiness, and a share which I value the most, for nothing can\nequal in my estimation a proof that you still remember me.\n\nAdieu, dear; I again thank you as affectionately as I shall always\nlove you.\n\n  JOSEPHINE.\n\n\nNo. 2A.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT THE CHATEAU NAVARRE.\n\n  _Compiegne, April 28, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have just received two letters from you. I am writing to\nEugene. I have ordered that the marriage of Tascher with the Princess\nde la Leyen shall take place.\n\nTo-morrow I shall go to Antwerp to see my fleet and to give orders\nabout the works. I shall return on May 15th.\n\nEugene tells me that you wish to go to the waters; trouble yourself\nabout nothing. Do not listen to the gossip of Paris; it is idle and\nfar from knowing the real state of things. My affection for you does\nnot change, and I long to know that you are happy and contented.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter. Eugene will give you tidings of my\njourney and of the Empress. I am very glad that you are going to the\nwaters. I trust they may do you good.\n\nI wish very much to see you. If you are at Malmaison at the end of the\nmonth, I will come to see you. I expect to be at St. Cloud on the 30th\nof the month. My health is very good ... it only needs to hear that\nyou are contented and well. Let me know in what name you intend to\ntravel.\n\nNever doubt the whole truth of my affection for you; it will last as\nlong as I. You would be very unjust if you doubted it.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 1st.--Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, abdicates in favour\n  of his son._",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT THE WATERS OF AIX, IN SAVOY.\n\n  _Rambouillet, July 8, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter of July 8th. You will have seen Eugene,\nand his presence will have done you good. I learn with pleasure that\nthe waters are beneficial to you. The King of Holland has just\nabdicated the throne, while leaving the Regency, according to the\nConstitution, in the hands of the Queen. He has quitted Amsterdam and\nleft the Grand Duke of Berg behind.\n\nI have reunited Holland to France, which has, however, the advantage\nof setting the Queen at liberty, and that[38] unfortunate girl is\ncoming to Paris with her son the Grand Duke of Berg--that will make\nher perfectly happy.\n\nMy health is good. I have come here to hunt for a few days. I shall\nsee you this autumn with pleasure. Never doubt my friendship; I never\nchange.\n\nKeep well, be cheerful, and believe in the truth of my attachment.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _July 9th._--Holland incorporated with the French Empire.\n\n  _July 10th._--Ney takes Ciudad Rodrigo, after twenty-five days\n  open trenches.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT THE WATERS OF AIX, IN SAVOY.\n\n  _St. Cloud, July 20, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter of July 14th, and note with\npleasure that the waters are doing you good, and that you like Geneva.\nI think that you are doing well to go there for a few weeks.\n\nMy health is fairly good. The conduct of the King of Holland has\nworried me.\n\nHortense is shortly coming to Paris. The Grand Duke of Berg is on his\nway; I expect him to-morrow.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT THE WATERS OF AIX, IN SAVOY.\n\n  _Trianon, August 10, 1810._\n\nYour letter to hand. I was pained to see what a risk you had run. For\nan inhabitant of the isles of the ocean to die in a lake would have\nbeen a fatality indeed!\n\nThe Queen is better, and I hope her health will be re-established. Her\nhusband is in Bohemia, apparently not knowing what to do.\n\nI am fairly well, and beg you to believe in my sincere attachment.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _August 21st._--Swedes elect Marshal Bernadotte Crown Prince of\n  Sweden.\n\n  _August 27th._--Massena takes Almeida.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT THE WATERS OF AIX, IN SAVOY.\n\n  _St. Cloud, September 14, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter of September 9th. I learn with pleasure\nthat you keep well. There is no longer the slightest doubt that the\nEmpress has entered on the fourth month of her pregnancy; she is well,\nand is much attached to me. The young Princes Napoleon are very well;\nthey are in the Pavillon d'Italie, in the Park of St. Cloud.\n\nMy health is fairly good. I wish to learn that you are happy and\ncontented. I hear that one of your _entourage_ has broken a leg while\ngoing on the glacier.\n\nAdieu, dear. Never doubt the interest I take in you and the affection\nthat I bear towards you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _September 27th.--Battle of Busaco._ Like Ebersburg, another of\n  Massena's expensive and unnecessary frontal attacks. He loses 5000\n  men, but next day turns the position of Wellington, who continues\n  to retire.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Paris, this Friday._\n\n_My Dear_,--Yours to hand. I am sorry to see that you have been ill; I\nfear it must be this bad weather.\n\nMadame de la T---- is one of the most foolish women of the Faubourg. I\nhave borne her cackle for a very long time; I am sick of it, and have\nordered that she does not come again to Paris. There are five or six\nother old women that I equally wish to send away from Paris; they are\nspoiling the young ones by their follies.\n\nI will name Madame de Makau Baroness since you wish it, and carry out\nyour other commissions.\n\nMy health is pretty good. The conduct of B---- appears to me very\nridiculous. I trust to hear that you are better.\n\nAdieu, dear.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT GENEVA.\n\n  _Fontainebleau, October 1, 1810._\n\nI have received your letter. Hortense, whom I have seen, will have\ntold you what I think. Go to see your son this winter; come back to\nthe waters of Aix next year, or, still better, wait for the spring at\nNavarre. I would advise you to go to Navarre at once, if I did not\nfear you would get tired of it. In my view, the only suitable places\nfor you this winter are either Milan or Navarre; after that, I approve\nof whatever you may do, for I do not wish to vex you in anything.\n\nAdieu, dear. The Empress is as I told you in my last letter. I am\nnaming Madame de Montesquiou governess of the Children of France. Be\ncontented, and do not get excited; never doubt my affection for you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 6th._--Wellington reaches the lines of Torres Vedras.\n\n  _November 9th._--Opening of St. Quentin Canal at Paris.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT NAVARRE.\n\n  _Fontainebleau, November 14, 1810._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have received your letter. Hortense has spoken to me\nabout it. I note with pleasure that you are contented. I hope that you\nare not very tired of Navarre.\n\nMy health is very good. The Empress progresses satisfactorily. I will\ndo the various things you ask regarding your household. Take care of\nyour health, and never doubt my affection for you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT NAVARRE.\n\nI have your letter. I see no objection to the marriage of Mackau with\nWattier, if he wishes it; this general is a very brave man. I am in\ngood health. I hope to have a son; I shall let you know immediately.\n\nAdieu, dear. I am very glad that Madame d'Arberg[39] has told you\nthings which please you. When you see me, you will find me with my old\naffection for you.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _December 3rd._--English take Mauritius.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [38] So _Collection Didot_, followed by Aubenas. St. Amand has \"ton\n       infortunee fille.\"\n\n  [39] Josephine's chief maid-of-honour.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES O\n\n\n1811\n\n  \"Nun steht das Reich gesichert, wie gegruendet,\n  Nun fuehlt er froh im Sohne sich gegruendet.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  Und sei durch Sie dies letzte Glueck beschieden--\n  Der alles wollen kann, will auch den Frieden.\"\n\n  --GOETHE (_Ihro der Kaiserin von Frankreich Majestaet_).\n\n\n\n\nSERIES O\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 311-312.)\n\n\n  LETTER                                           PAGE\n\n  No. 1. _The New Year_                             311\n         _More women than men_                      311\n         _Keep well_                                311\n\n  No. 2. Birth of the King of Rome                  311\n         _Eugene_                                   311\n\n  No. 4. _As fat as a good Normandy farmeress_      312",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT NAVARRE.\n\n  _Paris, January 8th, 1811._\n\nI have your New Year's letter. I thank you for its contents. I note\nwith pleasure that you are well and happy. I hear that there are more\nwomen than men at Navarre.\n\nMy health is excellent, though I have not been out for a fortnight.\nEugene appears to have no fears about his wife; he gives you a\ngrandson.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _February 19th._--Soult defeats Spaniards at the Gebora, near\n  Badajoz.\n\n  _February 28th._--French occupy Duchy of Oldenburg, to complete\n  the line of the North Sea blockade against England. This\n  occupation embitters the Emperor of Russia and his family.\n\n  _March 10th._--Mortier captures Badajoz after a siege of 54 days.\n\n  _March 20th._--Birth of the _King of Rome_--\"a pompous title\n  buried in the tomb of the Ostrogoths.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT NAVARRE.\n\n  _Paris, March 22nd, 1811._\n\n_My Dear_,--I have your letter. I thank you for it.\n\nMy son is fat, and in excellent health. I trust he may continue to\nimprove. He has my chest, my mouth, and my eyes. I hope he may fulfil\nhis destiny. I am always well pleased with Eugene; he has never given\nme the least anxiety.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n  _April 4th._--Battle of Fuentes d'Onoro. Massena attacks English,\n  and is repulsed.\n\n  _June 18th._--Wellington raises siege of Badajoz, and retires on\n  Portugal.\n\n  _June 29th._--French storm Tarragona, whereupon Suchet created\n  Marshal.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Trianon, August 25th, 1811._\n\nI have your letter. I see with pleasure that you are in good health. I\nhave been for some days at Trianon. I expect to go to Compiegne. My\nhealth is very good.\n\nPut some order into your affairs. Spend only L60,000, and save as much\nevery year; that will make a reserve of L600,000 in ten years for your\ngrandchildren. It is pleasant to be able to give them something, and\nbe helpful to them. Instead of that, I hear you have debts, which\nwould be really too bad. Look after your affairs, and don't give to\nevery one who wants to help himself. If you wish to please me, let me\nhear that you have accumulated a large fortune. Consider how ill I\nmust think of you, if I know that you, with L125,000 a year, are in\ndebt.\n\nAdieu, dear; keep well.\n\n  NAPOLEON.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Friday_, 8 A.M., 1811.\n\nI send to know how you are, for Hortense tells me you were in bed\nyesterday. I was annoyed with you about your debts. I do not wish you\nto have any; on the contrary, I wish you to put a million aside every\nyear, to give to your grandchildren when they get married.\n\nNevertheless, never doubt my affection for you, and don't worry any\nmore about the present embarrassment.\n\nAdieu, dear. Send me word that you are well. They say that you are as\nfat as a good Normandy farmeress.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _October 25th-26th._--Battle of Murviedro and capture of Sagunto:\n  Blake and O'Donnell heavily defeated by Suchet.\n\n  _December 20th._--Senatus Consultus puts 120,000 conscripts (born\n  in 1792) at disposal of Government for 1812.\n\n  _December 26th._--Suchet defeats Spanish, and crosses Guadalaviar.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES P\n\n\n1812\n\n  \"'Tis the same landscape which the modern Mars saw\n  Who march'd to Moscow, led by Fame, the siren!\n  To lose by one month's frost, some twenty years\n  Of conquest, and his guard of grenadiers.\"\n\n  --BYRON (_Don Juan_, canto x. stanza 58).\n\n\n\n\nSERIES P\n\n(For subjoined Notes to this Series see pages 312-315.)\n\n\n  LETTER                  PAGE\n\n  No. 1. Konigsberg        312\n\n  No. 2. _Gumbinnen_       313\n\n\n1812.\n\n  Montgaillard sums up his tirade against Napoleon for the Russian\n  campaign by noting that it took the Romans _ten_ years to conquer\n  Gaul, while Napoleon \"would not give _two_ to the conquest of that\n  vast desert of Scythia which forced Darius to flee, Alexander to\n  draw back, Crassus to perish; where Julian terminated his career,\n  where Valerian covered himself with shame, and which saw the\n  disasters of Charles XII.\"\n\n  _January 9th._--Suchet captures Valencia, 18,000 Spanish troops,\n  and 400 cannon. The marshal is made Duke of Albufera.\n\n  _January 15th._--Imperial decree ordains 100,000 acres to be put\n  under cultivation of beetroot, for the manufacture of indigenous\n  sugar.\n\n  _January 19th._--Taking of Ciudad Rodrigo by Wellington.\n\n  _January 26th._--French, under General Friand, occupy Stralsund\n  and Swedish Pomerania.\n\n  _February 24th._--Treaty of alliance between France and Prussia;\n  the latter to support France in case of a war with Russia.\n\n  _March 13th._--Senatus Consultus divides the National Guards into\n  three bans, to include all capable men not already in military\n  service. They are not to serve outside France. A hundred cohorts,\n  each 970 strong, of the first ban (men between 20 and 26), put at\n  disposal of Government.\n\n  _March 14th._--Treaty between France and Austria; reciprocal help,\n  in need, of 30,000 men and 60 guns. The integrity of European\n  Turkey mutually guaranteed.\n\n  _March 26th._--Treaty between Russia and Sweden. Bernadotte is\n  promised Norway by Alexander.\n\n  _April 7th._--The English take Badajoz by assault. \"The French\n  General, Philippon, with but 3000 men, has been besieged thrice\n  within thirteen months by armies of 50,000 men\" (_Montgaillard_).\n\n  _April 24th._--Alexander leaves St. Petersburg, to take command of\n  his Grand Army.\n\n  _May 9th.--Napoleon leaves Paris for Germany._\n\n  _May 11th._--Assassination of English Prime Minister, Perceval.\n\n  _May 17th-28th.--Napoleon at Dresden; joined there by the Emperor\n  and Empress of Austria, and a fresh_ \"parterre _of kings\"._\n\n  _May 28th._---Treaty of Bucharest, between Turkey and Russia. The\n  Pruth as boundary, and Servia restored to Turkey. This treaty, so\n  fatal to Napoleon, and of which he only heard in October, was\n  mainly the work of Stratford de Redcliffe, then aged twenty-five.\n  Wellington, thinking the treaty his brother's work, speaks of it\n  as \"the most important service that ever fell to the lot of any\n  individual to perform.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_June 12th._--Suchet defeats an Anglo-Spanish army outside\n  Tarragona.\n\nTO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _June 12th, 1812._\n\n_My Dear_,--I shall always receive news from you with great interest.\n\nThe waters will, I hope, do you good, and I shall see you with much\npleasure on your return.\n\nNever doubt the interest I feel in you. I will arrange all the matters\nof which you speak.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 16th._--Lord Liverpool Prime Minister of England.\n\n  _June 18th._--United States declares war against England\n  concerning rights of neutrals.\n\n  _June 19th._--The captive Pope (Pius VII.) brought to Fontainebleau.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Gumbinnen, June 20th, 1812._\n\nI have your letter of June 10th. I see no obstacle to your going to\nMilan, to be near the Vice-Reine. You will do well to go _incognito_.\nYou will find it very hot.\n\nMy health is very good. Eugene is well, and is doing good work. Never\ndoubt the interest I have in you, and my friendship.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _June 22nd.--Napoleon from his headquarters, Wilkowyszki, declares\n  war against Russia. His army comprised 550,000 men and 1200\n  cannon, and he held sway at this epoch over 85,000,000 souls--half\n  the then population of Europe._\n\n  _June 24th._--French cross the Niemen, over 450,000 strong.[40] Of\n  these 20,000 are Italians, 80,000 from Confederation of the Rhine,\n  30,000 Poles, 30,000 Austrians, and 20,000 Prussians. The Russian\n  army numbers 360,000.\n\n  _June 28th._--French enter Wilna, the old capital of Lithuania.\n  _Napoleon remains here till July 16th, establishing a provisional\n  government, and leaving his Foreign Minister, Maret, there._\n\n  _July 12th._--Americans invade Canada.\n\n  _July 18th._--Treaty of peace between England and Sweden; and\n  between Russia and the Spanish Regency at Cadiz.\n\n  _July 22nd._--_Battle of Salamanca_ (Arapiles). Marmont defeated\n  by Wellington, and badly wounded. French lose nearly 8000 men and\n  5000 prisoners; English loss, 5200. The Spanish Regency had\n  decided to submit to Joseph Bonaparte, but this battle deters\n  them. French retire behind the Douro.\n\n  _July 23rd._--Combat of Mohilow, on the Dneiper. Davoust defeats\n  Bagration.\n\n  _July 28th._--French enter Witepsk.\n\n  _August 1st._--Treaty of alliance between Great Britain and\n  Russia. English fleet henceforward guards the Gulf of Riga. Combat\n  of Obaiarzma, on the bank of the Drissa. Marshal Oudinot defeats\n  Wittgenstein. Russians lose 5000 men and 14 guns.\n\n  _August 9th._--Battle of Brownstown (near Toronto). Americans\n  defeated; surrender August 16th with 2500 men and 33 guns to\n  General Brock.\n\n  _August 12th._--Wellington enters Madrid.\n\n  _August 17th-18th.--Battle and capture of Smolensk. Napoleon\n  defeats Barclay de Tolly; Russians lose 12,000, French less than\n  half._\n\n  _August 18th._--Battle of Polotsk, fifty miles from Witepsk, down\n  the Dwina. St. Cyr defeats Wittgenstein's much larger army, and\n  takes 20 guns. (St. Cyr made marshal for this battle, August\n  27th.)\n\n  _August 19th._--Combat of Volontino-Cova, beyond Smolensk. Ney\n  defeats Russians.\n\n  _August 27th._--Norway guaranteed Sweden in lieu of Finland by\n  Russia.\n\n  _August 28th._--Interview at Abo, in Finland, between Alexander,\n  Bernadotte, and Lord Cathcart (English ambassador). Decided that\n  Sweden shall join the crusade against France, and that Moreau be\n  imported from U.S.A. to command another army.\n\n  _August 29th._--Viazma, burnt by Russians, entered by the French.\n\n  _September 7th._--Battle of Borodino (_La Moskowa_). Nearly all\n  the Russian generals are present: Barclay de Tolly, Beningsen,\n  Bagration (who is killed), all under Kutusoff. Russians lose\n  30,000 men, French 20,000, including many generals who had\n  survived all the campaigns of the Revolution. The French, hungry\n  and soaked in rain, have no energy to pursue.\n\n  _September 14th._--Occupation of Moscow; fired by emissaries of\n  Rostopchin, its late governor. Of 4000 stone houses only 200\n  remain, of 8000 wooden ones 500. Over 20,000 sick and wounded\n  burnt in their beds. Fire lasts till September 20th.\n\n  _September 18th._--Russian Army of the Danube under Admiral\n  Tschitchagow joins the Army of Reserve.\n\n  _September 26th._--Russian troops from Finland disembark at Riga.\n\n  _September 30th.--Napoleon finds a copy of Treaty of Bucharest at\n  Moscow._\n\n  _October 11th._--Admiral Tschitchagow with 36,000 men reaches\n  Bresc, on the Bug, threatening the French communications with\n  Warsaw.\n\n  _October 17th-19th._--Second combat of Polotsk. Wittgenstein again\n  defeated by St. Cyr, who is wounded.\n\n  _October 18th._--Combat of Winkowo; Kutusoff defeats Murat.\n  Americans defeated at Queenston Heights, on the Niagara, and lose\n  900 men.\n\n  _October 19th._--Commencement of the Retreat from Moscow.\n\n  _October 22nd._--Burgos captured by Wellington.\n\n  _October 23rd._--Conspiracy of Malet at Paris; Cambaceres to the\n  rescue. Evacuation of Moscow by Mortier after forty days'\n  occupation. The French army now retreating has only half its\n  original strength, and the best cavalry regiments boast only 100\n  horses.\n\n  _October 24th.--Battle of Malo-Jaroslavitz. Eugene with 17,000_\n  _men defeats Kutusoff with 60,000; but Napoleon finds the enemy\n  too strong and too tenacious to risk the fertile Kaluga route._\n\n  _November 3rd._--Battle of Wiazma. Rearguard action, in which Ney\n  and Eugene are distinguished.\n\n  _November 9th.--Napoleon reaches Smolensk and hears of Malet\n  conspiracy._\n\n  _November 14th._--Evacuation of Smolensk.\n\n  _November 16th._--Russian Army (of the Danube) takes Minsk, and\n  cuts off the French from the Niemen.\n\n  _November 16th-19th._--Combat of Krasnoi, twenty-five miles west\n  of Smolensk. Kutusoff with 30,000 horse and 70,000 foot tries to\n  stop the French, who have only 25,000 effective combatants.\n  Magnificent fighting by Ney with his rearguard of 6000.\n\n  _November 21st._--Russians seize at Borizow the bridges over the\n  Beresina, which are\n\n  _November 23rd._--Retaken by Oudinot.\n\n  _November 26th-28th._--French cross the Beresina, but lose 20,000\n  prisoners and nearly all their cannon (150).\n\n  _November 29th.--Napoleon writes Maret he has heard nothing of\n  France or Spain for fifteen days._\n\n  _December 3rd._--Twenty-ninth bulletin dated Malodeczna, fifty\n  miles west of Borisow.\n\n  _December 5th.--Napoleon reaches Smorgoni, and starts for\n  France._\n\n  _December 10th._--Murat, left in command, evacuates Wilna. French\n  retreat in utter rout; \"It is not General Kutusoff who routed the\n  French, it is General Morosow\" (the frost), said the Russians.\n\n  _December 14th.--Napoleon reaches Dresden, and_\n\n  _December 18th.--Paris._\n\n  _December 19th._--Evacuation of Kovno and passage of the Niemen.\n\n  _December 20th.--Napoleon welcomed by the Senate in a speech by\n  the naturalist Lacepede: \"The absence of your Majesty, sire, is\n  always a national calamity.\"_\n\n  _December 30th._--Defection of the Prussian General York and\n  Convention of Taurogen, near Tilsit, between Russia and Prussia.\n  This defection is the signal for the uprising of Germany from the\n  Oder to the Rhine, from the Baltic to the Julienne Alps.\n\n\n1813.\n\n  _January 5th._--Konigsberg occupied by the Russians.\n\n  _January 13th._--Senatus Consultus calls up 250,000 conscripts.\n\n  _January 22nd._--Americans defeated at Frenchtown, near Detroit,\n  and lose 1200 men.\n\n  _January 25th.--Concordat at Fontainebleau between Napoleon and\n  Pope Pius VII., with advantageous terms for the Papacy. The Pope,\n  however, soon breaks faith._\n\n  _January 28th.--Murat deserts the French army for Naples, and\n  leaves Posen. \"Your husband is very brave on the battlefield, but\n  he is weaker than a woman or a monk when he is not face to face\n  with an enemy. He has no moral courage\"_ (_Napoleon to his sister\n  Caroline, January 24, 1813._ Brotonne, 1032). _Replaced by Eugene\n  (Napoleon's letter dated January 22nd)._\n\n  _February 1st._--Proclamation of Louis XVIII. to the French people\n  (dated London).\n\n  _February 8th._--Warsaw surrenders to Russia.\n\n  _February 10th._--Proclamation of Emperor Alexander calling on the\n  people of Germany to shake off the yoke of \"one man.\"\n\n  _February 28th._--Sixth Continental Coalition against France.\n  Treaty signed between Russia and Prussia at Kalisch.\n\n  _March 3rd._--New treaty between England and Sweden at Stockholm:\n  Sweden to receive a subsidy of a million sterling and the island\n  of Guadaloupe in return for supporting the Coalition with 30,000\n  men.\n\n  _March 4th._--Cossacks occupy Berlin. Madison inaugurated\n  President U.S.A.\n\n  _March 9th._--Eugene removes his headquarters to Leipsic.\n\n  _March 12th._--French evacuate Hamburg.\n\n  _March 21st._--Russians and Prussians take new town of Dresden.\n\n  _April 1st._--France declares war on Prussia.\n\n  _April 10th._--_Death of Lagrange, mathematician_; _greatly bemoaned\n  by Napoleon, who considered his death as a \"presentiment\"_\n  (D'Abrantes).\n\n  _April 14th._--Swedish army lands in Germany.\n\n  _April 15th.--Napoleon leaves Paris; arrives Erfurt (April 25th)._\n  Americans take Mobile.\n\n  _April 16th._--Thorn (garrisoned by 900 Bavarians) surrenders to\n  the Russians. Fort York (now Toronto) and\n\n  _April 27th._--Upper Canada taken by the Americans.\n\n  _May 1st._--Death of the Abbe Delille, poet. Opening of campaign.\n  French forces scattered in Germany, 166,000 men; Allies' forces\n  ready for action, 225,000 men. Marshal Bessieres killed by a\n  cannon-ball at Poserna.\n\n  _May 2nd.--Napoleon with 90,000 men defeats Prussians and Russians\n  at Lutzen (Gross-Goerschen) with 110,000; French loss, 10,000.\n  Battle won_ _chiefly by French artillery. Emperor of Russia and\n  King of Prussia present._\n\n  _May 8th.--Napoleon and the French reoccupy Dresden._\n\n  _May 18th._--Eugene reaches Milan, and enrols an Italian army\n  47,000 strong.\n\n  _May 19th-21st.--Combats of Konigswartha, Bautzen, Hochkirch,\n  Wuerschen. Napoleon defeats Prussians and Russians; French loss,\n  12,000; Allies, 20,000._\n\n  _May 23rd.--Duroc (shot on May 22nd) dies. \"Duroc,\" said the\n  Emperor, \"there is another life. It is there you will go to await\n  me, and there we shall meet again some day.\"_\n\n  _May 27th._--Americans capture Fort George (Lake Ontario) and\n\n  _May 29th._--Defeat English at Sackett's Harbour.\n\n  _May 30th._--French re-enter Hamburg and\n\n  _June 1st._--Occupy Breslau. British frigate _Shannon_ captures\n  _Chesapeake_ in fifteen minutes outside Boston harbour.\n\n  _June 4th.--Armistice of Plesswitz, between Napoleon and the\n  Allies._\n\n  _June 6th._--Americans (3500) surprised at Burlington Heights by\n  700 British.\n\n  _June 15th.--Siege of Tarragona raised by Suchet; English\n  re-embark, leaving their artillery. \"If I had had two marshals\n  such as Suchet, I should not only have conquered Spain, but I\n  should have kept it\"_ (_Napoleon in_ Campan's Memoirs).\n\n  _June 21st._--Battle of Vittoria; total rout of the French under\n  Marshal Jourdan and King Joseph. In retreat the army is much more\n  harassed by the guerillas than by the English.\n\n  _June 23rd._--Admiral Cockburn defeated at Craney Island by\n  Americans.\n\n  _June 24th._--Five hundred Americans surrender to two hundred\n  Canadians at Beaver's Dams.\n\n  _June 25th._--Combat of Tolosa. Foy stops the advance of the\n  English right wing.\n\n  _June 30th.--Convention at Dresden. Napoleon accepts the mediation\n  of Austria; armistice prolonged to August 10th._\n\n  _July 1st._--Soult sent to take chief command in Spain.\n\n  _July 10th._--Alliance between France and Denmark.\n\n  _July 12th.--Congress of Prague. Austria, Prussia, and Russia\n  decide that Germany must be independent, and the French Empire\n  bounded by the Rhine and the Alps; \"but to reign over 36,000,000\n  men did not appear to Napoleon a sufficiently great destiny\"_\n  (Montgaillard). _Congress breaks up July 28th._\n\n  _July 26th._--Moreau arrives from U.S., and lands at Gothenburg.\n\n  _July 31st._--Soult attacks Anglo-Spanish army near Roncesvalles\n  in order to succour Pampeluna. Is repulsed, with loss of 8000\n  men.\n\n  _August 12th._--Austria notifies its adhesion to the Allies.\n\n  _August 15th.--Jomini, the Swiss tactician, turns traitor and\n  escapes to the Allies. He advises them of Napoleon's plans to\n  seize Berlin and relieve Dantzic [see letter to Ney, No. 19,714,\n  20,006, and especially 20,360 (August 12th) in_ Correspondence].\n  _On August 16th Napoleon writes to Cambaceres: \"Jomini, Ney's\n  chief of staff, has deserted. It is he who published some volumes\n  on the campaigns and who has been in the pay of Russia for a long\n  time. He has yielded to corruption. He is a soldier of little\n  value, yet he is a writer who has grasped some of the sound\n  principles of war.\"_\n\n  _August 17th.--Renewal of hostilities in Germany. Napoleon's army,\n  280,000, of whom half recruits who had never seen a battle; the\n  Allies 520,000, excluding militia. In his counter-manifesto to\n  Austria, dated Bautzen, Napoleon declares \"Austria, the enemy of\n  France, and cloaking her ambition under the mask of a mediation,\n  complicated everything.... But Austria, our avowed foe, is in a\n  truer guise, and one perfectly obvious. Europe is therefore much\n  nearer peace; there is one complication the less.\"_\n\n  _August 18th._--Suchet, having blown up fortifications of\n  Tarragona, evacuates Valentia.\n\n  _August 21st._--Opening of the campaign in Italy. Eugene, with\n  50,000 men, commands the Franco-Italian army.\n\n  _August 23rd._--Combats of Gross-Beeren and Ahrensdorf, near\n  Berlin. Bernadotte defeats Oudinot with loss of 1500 men and 20\n  guns. Berlin is preserved to the Allies. Oudinot replaced by Ney.\n  Lauriston defeats Army of Silesia at Goldberg with heavy loss.\n\n  _August 26th-27th.--Battle of Dresden.--Napoleon marches a hundred\n  miles in seventy hours to the rescue. With less than 100,000 men\n  he defeats the Allied Army of 180,000 under Schwartzenberg,\n  Wittgenstein, and Kleist. Austrians lose 20,000 prisoners and 60\n  guns. Moreau is mortally wounded (dies September 1st)._ Combat of\n  the Katzbach, in Silesia. Blucher defeats Macdonald with heavy\n  loss, who loses 10,000 to 12,000 men in his retreat.\n\n  _August 30th._--Combat of Kulm. Vandamme enveloped in Bohemia, and\n  surrenders with 12,000 men.\n\n  _August 31st._--Combat of Irun. Soult attacks Wellington to save\n  San Sebastian, but is repulsed. Graham storms San Sebastian.\n\n  _September 6th._--Combat of Dennewitz (near Berlin). Ney routed by\n  Bulow and Bernadotte; loses his artillery, baggage, and 12,000\n  men.\n\n  _September 10th_--Americans capture the English flotilla on Lake\n  Erie.\n\n  _September 12th._--Combat of Villafranca (near Barcelona). Suchet\n  defeats English General Bentinck.\n\n  _October 7th._--Wellington crosses the Bidassoa into France. \"It\n  is on the frontier of France itself that ends the enterprise of\n  Napoleon on Spain. The Spaniards have given the first conception\n  of a people's war versus a war of professionals. For it would be a\n  mistake to think that the battles of Salamanca (July 22nd, 1812)\n  and Vittoria (June 21st, 1813) forced the French to abandon the\n  Peninsula.... It was the daily losses, the destruction of man by\n  man, the drops of French blood falling one by one, which in five\n  years aggregated a death-roll of 150,000 men. As to the English,\n  they appeared in this war only as they do in every world-crisis,\n  to gather, in the midst of general desolation, the fruits of their\n  policy, and to consolidate their plans of maritime despotism, of\n  exclusive commerce\" (Montgaillard).\n\n  _October 15th._--Bavarian army secedes and joins the Austrians.\n\n  _October 16th-19th.--Battles of Leipsic._ _Allied army_ 330,000\n  men (_Schwartzenberg_, _Bernadotte_, _Blucher_, _Beningsen_),\n  _Napoleon_ 175,000. _Twenty-six battalions and ten squadrons of\n  Saxon and Wurtemberg men leave Napoleon and turn their guns\n  against the French. Napoleon is not defeated, but determines to\n  retreat. The rearguard (20,000 men) and 200 cannon taken.\n  Poniatowski drowned; Reynier and Lauriston captured._\n\n  _October 20th._--Blucher made Field-Marshal.\n\n  _October 23rd._--French army reach Erfurt.\n\n  _October 30th.--Combat of Hanau. Napoleon defeats Wrede with heavy\n  loss._\n\n  _October 31st._--Combat and capture of Bassano by Eugene. English\n  capture Pampeluna.\n\n  _November 2nd.--Napoleon arrives at Mayence (where typhus carries\n  off 40,000 French), and is_\n\n  _November 9th.--At St. Cloud._\n\n  _November 10th._--Wellington defeats Soult at St. Jean de Luz.\n\n  _November 11th._--Surrender of Dresden by Gouvion St. Cyr; its\n  French soldiers to return under parole to France. Austrians refuse\n  to ratify the convention, and 1700 officers and 23,000 men remain\n  prisoners of war.\n\n  _November 14th.--Napoleon addresses the Senate: \"All Europe\n  marched with us a year ago; all Europe marches against us to-day.\n  That is because the world's opinion is directed either by France\n  or England.\"_\n\n  _November 15th._--Eugene defeats Austrians at Caldiero.\n  Senatus-Consultus puts 300,000 conscripts at disposal of\n  government.\n\n  _November 24th._--Capture of Amsterdam by Prussian General Bulow.\n\n  _December 1st._--Allies declare at Frankfort that they are at war\n  with the Emperor and not with France.\n\n  _December 2nd._--Bulow occupies Utrecht. Holland secedes from the\n  French Empire.\n\n  _December 5th._--Capture of Lubeck by the Swedes, and surrender of\n  Stettin (7000 prisoners), Zamosk (December 22nd), Modlin (December\n  25th), and Torgau (December 26th, with 10,000 men).\n\n  _December 8th-13th._--Soult defends the passage of the Nive--costly\n  to both sides. Murat (now hostile to Napoleon) enters Ancona.\n\n  _December 9th-10th._--French evacuate Breda.\n\n  _December 11th.--Treaty of Valencay between Napoleon and his\n  prisoner Ferdinand VII., who is to reign over Spain, but not to\n  cede Minorca or Ceuta (now in their power} to the English._\n\n  _December 15th._--Denmark secedes from French alliance.\n\n  _December 21st._--Allies, 100,000 strong, cross the Rhine in ten\n  divisions (Bale to Schaffhausen). Jomini is said to have\n  contributed to this violation of Swiss territory.\n\n  _December 24th._--Final evacuation of Holland by the French.\n\n  _December 28th._--Austrians capture Ragusa.\n\n  _December 31st.--Napoleon, having trouble with his Commons,\n  dissolves the Corps Legislatif._ Austrians capture Geneva. Blucher\n  crosses the Rhine at Mannheim and Coblentz. Exclusive of Landwehr\n  and levies en masse, there are now a million trained men in arms\n  against Napoleon.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n1814.\n\n  \"The Allied Powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon was\n  the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of the Peace of Europe,\n  the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he\n  renounces, for himself and his heirs, the thrones of France and\n  Italy, and that there is no personal sacrifice, even that of life\n  itself, that he will not be ready to make for the sake of\n  France.\"--(_Act of Abdication._)\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  _January 1st._--Capitulation of Danzic, which General Rapp had\n  defended for nearly a year, having lost 20,000 (out of 30,000) men\n  by fever. Russians, who had promised to send the French home,\n  break faith, following the example of Schwartzenberg at Dresden.\n\n  _January 2nd._--Russians take Fort Louis (Lower Rhine); and\n\n  _January 3rd._--Austrians Montbeliard; and Bavarians Colmar.\n\n  _January 6th._--General York occupies Treves. Convention between\n  Murat and England and (January 11th) with Austria. Murat is to\n  join Allies with 30,000 men.\n\n  _January 7th._--Austrians occupy Vesoul.\n\n  _January 8th._--French Rentes 5 per cents. at 47.50. Wurtemberg\n  troops occupy Epinal.\n\n  _January 10th._--General York reaches Forbach (on the Moselle).\n\n  _January 15th._--Cossacks occupy Cologne.\n\n  _January 16th._--Russians occupy Nancy.\n\n  _January 19th._--Austrians occupy Dijon; Bavarians, Neufchateau.\n  Murat's troops occupy Rome.\n\n  _January 20th._--Capture of Toul by the Russians; and of Chambery\n  by the Austrians.\n\n  _January 21st._--Austrians occupy Chalons-sur-Saone. General York\n  crosses the Meuse.\n\n  _January 23rd._--Pope Pius VII. returns to Rome.\n\n  _January 25th._--General York and Army of Silesia established at\n  St. Dizier and Joinville on the Marne. Austrians occupy\n  Bar-sur-Aube. _Napoleon leaves Paris; and_\n\n  _January 26th.--Reaches Chalons-sur-Marne; and_\n\n  _January 27th.--Retakes St. Dizier in person._\n\n  _January 29th.--Combat of Brienne. Napoleon defeats Blucher._\n\n  _February 1st._--Battle of La Rothiere, six miles north of\n  Brienne. French, 40,000; Allies, 110,000. Drawn battle, but French\n  retreat on Troyes; French evacuate Brussels.\n\n  _February 4th._--Eugene retires upon the Mincio.\n\n  _February 5th.--Cortes disavow Napoleon's treaty of Valencay with\n  Ferdinand VII._ Opening of Congress of Chatillon. General York\n  occupies Chalons-sur-Marne.\n\n  _February 7th._--Allies seize Troyes.\n\n  _February 8th._--Battle of the Mincio. Eugene with 30,000\n  conscripts defeats Austrians under Bellegarde with 50,000\n  veterans.\n\n  _February 10th.--Combat of Champaubert. Napoleon defeats\n  Russians._\n\n  _February 11th.--Combat of Montmirail. Napoleon defeats Sacken.\n  Russians occupy Nogent-sur-Seine; and_\n\n  _February 12th.--Laon._\n\n  _February 14th.--Napoleon routs Blucher at Vauchamp. His losses,\n  10,000 men; French loss, 600 men. In five days Napoleon has wiped\n  out the five corps of the Army of Silesia, inflicting a loss of\n  25,000 men._\n\n  _February 17th.--Combat near Nangis. Napoleon defeats Austro-Russians\n  with loss of 10,000 men and 12 cannon._\n\n  _February 18th._--Combat of Montereau. Prince Royal of Wurtemberg\n  defeated with loss of 7000.\n\n  _February 21st._--Comte d'Artois arrives at Vesoul.\n\n  _February 22nd._--Combat of Mery-sur-Seine. Sacken defeated by\n  Boyer's Division, who fight in masks--it being Shrove Tuesday.\n\n  _February 24th._--French re-enter Troyes.\n\n  _February 27th._--Bulow captures La Fere with large stores. Battle\n  of Orthes (Pyrenees), Wellington with 70,000 defeats Soult\n  entrenched with 38,000. Foy badly wounded.\n\n  _February 27th-28th._--Combats of Bar and Ferte-sur-Aube. Marshals\n  Oudinot and Macdonald forced to retire on the Seine.\n\n  _March 1st._--Treaty of Chaumont--Allies against Napoleon.\n\n  _March 2nd._--Bulow takes Soissons.\n\n  _March 4th._--Macdonald evacuates Troyes.\n\n  _March 7th.--Battle of Craonne between Napoleon (30,000 men) and\n  Sacken (100,000)._ Indecisive.\n\n  _March 9th._--English driven from Berg-op-Zoom.\n\n  _March 9th-10th.--Combat under Laon: depot of Allied army.\n  Napoleon fails to capture it._\n\n  _March 12th._--Duc d'Angouleme arrives at Bordeaux. This town is\n  the first to declare for the Bourbons, and to welcome him as Louis\n  XVIII.\n\n  _March 13th._--Ferdinand VII. set at liberty.\n\n  _March 14th.--Napoleon retakes Rheims from the Russians._\n\n  _March 19th._--Rupture of Treaty of Chatillon.\n\n  _March 20th._--Battle of Tarbes. Wellington defeats French.\n\n  _March 20th-21st._--Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube. Indecisive.\n\n  _March 21st._--Austrians enter Lyons. Augereau retires on Valence.\n  Had Eugene joined him with his 40,000 men he might have saved\n  France after Vauchamp.\n\n  _March 25th._--Combat of Fere-Champenoise. Marmont and Mortier\n  defeated with loss of 9000 men.\n\n  _March 26th.--Combat of St. Dizier. Napoleon defeats Russians, and\n  starts to save Paris._\n\n  _March 29th.--Allies outside Paris. Napoleon at Troyes (125 miles\n  off)._\n\n  _March 30th.--Battle of Paris._ The Emperor's orders disobeyed.\n  Heavy cannon from Cherbourg left outside Paris, also 20,000\n  men. Clarke deserts to the Allies. Joseph runs away, leaving\n  Marmont permission to capitulate. After losing 5000 men (and\n  Allies 8000) Marmont evacuates Paris and retires. _Napoleon\n  reaches Fontainebleau in the evening, and hears the bad news._\n\n  _March 31st._--Emperor of Russia, King of Prussia, and 36,000 men\n  enter Paris. Stocks and shares advance. Emperor Alexander states,\n  \"The Allied Sovereigns will treat no longer with Napoleon\n  Bonaparte, nor any of his family.\"\n\n  _April 1st._--Senate, with Talleyrand as President, institute a\n  Provisional Government.\n\n  _April 2nd._--Provisional Government address the army: \"You are no\n  longer the soldiers of Napoleon; the Senate and the whole of\n  France absolve you from your oaths.\" They also declare Napoleon\n  deposed from the throne, and his family from the succession.\n\n  _April 4th.--Napoleon signs a declaration of abdication in favour\n  of his son, but after two days' deliberation, and Marmont's\n  defection, Alexander insists on an absolute abdication._\n\n  _April 5th._--Convention of Chevilly. Marmont agrees to join the\n  Provisional Government, and disband his army under promise that\n  Allies will guarantee life and liberty to Napoleon Bonaparte.\n  Funds on March 29th at 45, now at 63.75.\n\n  _April 6th._--New Constitution decreed by the Senate. The National\n  Guard ordered to wear the White Cockade in lieu of the Tricolor.\n\n  _April 10th._--Battle of Toulouse. Hotly contested; almost a\n  defeat for Wellington.\n\n  _April 11th.--Treaty of Paris between Napoleon and Allies\n  (Austria, Russia, and Prussia). Isle of Elba reserved for Napoleon\n  and his family, with a revenue of L200,000; the Duchies of Parma\n  and Placentia for Marie Louise and her son. England accedes to\n  this Treaty. Act of Abdication of the Emperor Napoleon._\n\n  _April 12th._--Count d'Artois enters Paris.\n\n  _April 16th._--Convention between Eugene and Austrian General\n  Bellegarde. Emperor of Austria sees Marie Louise at the little\n  Trianon, and decides upon his daughter's return to Vienna.\n\n  _April 18th._--Armistice of Soult and Wellington.\n\n  _April 20th.--Napoleon leaves Fontainebleau, and bids adieu to his\n  Old Guard: \"Do not mourn over my fate; if I have determined to\n  survive, it is in order still to dedicate myself to your glory; I\n  wish to write about the great things we have done together.\"_\n\n  _April 24th._--Louis XVIII. lands at Calais, and\n\n  _May 3rd._---Enters Paris.\n\n  _May 4th.---Napoleon reaches Elba._\n\n  _May 29th.--Death of Josephine, aged 51._\n\n  _May 30th.--Peace of Paris._\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [40] Averaged from early historians of the campaigns. Marbot gives the\n       numbers 155,400 French and 175,000 Allies. Allowing for the\n       secession of the Austrian and Prussian contingents and for\n       30,000 prisoners, he gives the actual French death-roll by\n       February 1813 at 65,000. This is a minimum estimate.\n\n\n\n\nNOTES\n\n_THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS, 1796-97_\n\n\n\n\nSERIES A\n\n(_The numbers correspond to the numbers of the Letters._)",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_Bonaparte made Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Italy._--Marmont's\naccount of how this came to pass is probably substantially correct, as\nhe has less interest in distorting the facts than any other writer as\nwell fitted for the task. The winter had rolled by in the midst of\npleasures--soirees at the Luxembourg, dinners of Madame Tallien,\n\"nor,\" he adds, \"were we hard to please.\" \"The Directory often\nconversed with General Bonaparte about the army of Italy, whose\ngeneral--Scherer--was always representing the position as difficult,\nand never ceasing to ask for help in men, victuals, and money. General\nBonaparte showed, in many concise observations, that all that was\nsuperfluous. He strongly blamed the little advantage taken from the\nvictory at Loano, and asserted that, even yet, all that could be put\nright. Thus a sort of controversy was maintained between Scherer and\nthe Directory, counselled and inspired by Bonaparte.\" At last when\nBonaparte drew up plans--afterwards followed--for the invasion of\nPiedmont, Scherer replied roughly that he who had drawn up the plan of\ncampaign had better come and execute it. They took him at his word,\nand Bonaparte was named General-in-Chief of the army of Italy (vol. i.\n93).\n\n\"_7 A.M._\"--Probably written early in March. Leaving Paris on March\n11th, Napoleon writes Letourneur, President of the Directory, of his\nmarriage with the \"citoyenne Tascher Beauharnais,\" and tells him that\nhe has already asked Barras to inform them of the fact. \"The\nconfidence which the Directory has shown me under all circumstances\nmakes it my duty to keep it advised of all my actions. It is a new\nlink which binds me to the fatherland; it is one more proof of my\nfixed determination to find safety only in the Republic.\"[41]",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "\"_Our good Ossian._\"--The Italian translation of Ossian by Cesarotti\nwas a masterpiece; better, in fact, than the original. He was a friend\nof Macpherson, and had learnt English in order to translate his work.\nCesarotti lived till an advanced age, and was sought out in his\nretirement in order to receive honours and pensions from the Emperor\nNapoleon.\n\n\"Our good Ossian\" speaks, like Homer, of the joy of grief.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "\"_Chauvet is dead._\"--Chauvet is first mentioned in Napoleon's\ncorrespondence in a letter to his brother Joseph, August 9, 1795.\nMdme. Junot, _Memoirs_, i. 138, tells us that Bonaparte was very fond\nof him, and that he was a man of gentle manners and very ordinary\nconversation. She declares that Bonaparte had been a suitor for the\nhand of her mother shortly before his marriage with Josephine, and\nthat because the former rejected him, the general had refused a favour\nto her son; this had caused a quarrel which Chauvet had in vain tried\nto settle. On March 27th Bonaparte had written Chauvet from Nice that\nevery day that he delayed joining him, \"takes away from my operations\none chance of probability for their success.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "St. Amand notes that Bonaparte begins to suspect his wife in this\nletter, while the previous ones, especially that of April 3rd, show\nperfect confidence. Napoleon is on the eve of a serious battle, and\nhas only just put his forces into fighting trim. On the previous day\n(April 6th) he wrote to the Directory that the movement against Genoa,\nof which he does not approve, has brought the enemy out of their\nwinter quarters almost before he has had time to make ready. \"The army\nis in a state of alarming destitution; I have still great difficulties\nto surmount, but they are surmountable: misery has excused want of\ndiscipline, and without discipline never a victory. I hope to have all\nin good trim shortly--there are signs already; in a few days we shall\nbe fighting. The Sardinian army consists of 50,000 foot, and 5000\nhorse; I have only 45,000 men at my disposal, all told. Chauvet, the\ncommissary-general, died at Genoa: it is a heavy loss to the army, he\nwas active and enterprising.\"\n\nTwo days later Napoleon, still at Albenga, reports that he has found\nRoyalist traitors in the army, and complains that the Treasury had not\nsent the promised pay for the men, \"but in spite of all, we shall\nadvance.\" Massena, eleven years older than his new commander-in-chief,\nhad received him coldly, but soon became his right-hand man, always\ngenial, and full of good ideas. Massena's men are ill with too much\nsalt meat, they have hardly any shoes, but, as in 1800,[42] he has\nnever a doubt that Bonaparte will make a good campaign, and determines\nto loyally support him. Poor Laharpe, so soon to die, is a man of a\ndifferent stamp--one of those, doubtless, of whom Bonaparte thinks\nwhen he writes to Josephine, \"Men worry me.\" The Swiss, in fact, was a\nchronic grumbler, but a first-rate fighting man, even when his men\nwere using their last cartridges.\n\n\"_The lovers of nineteen._\"--The allusion is lost. Aubenas, who\nreproduces two or three of these letters, makes a comment to this\nsentence, \"Nous n'avons pu trouver un nom a mettre sous cette\nfantasque imagination\" (vol. i. 317).\n\n\"_My brother_,\" viz. Joseph.--He and Junot reached Paris in five days,\nand had a great ovation. Carnot, at a dinner-party, showed Napoleon's\nportrait next to his heart, because \"I foresee he will be the saviour\nof France, and I wish him to know that he has at the Directory only\nadmirers and friends.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_Unalterably good._--\"C'est Joseph peint d'un seul trait.\"--Aubenas\n(vol. i. 320).\n\n\"_If you want a place for any one, you can send him here. I will give\nhim one._\"--Bonaparte was beginning to feel firm in the saddle,\nwhile at Paris Josephine was treated like a princess. Under date\nApril 25th, Letourneur, as one of the Directory, writes him, \"A vast\ncareer opens itself before you; the Directory has measured the\nwhole extent of it.\" They little knew! The letter concludes by\nexpressing confidence that their general will never be reproached\nwith the shameful repose of Capua. In a further letter, bearing\nthe same date, Letourneur insists on a full and accurate account of\nthe battles being sent, as they will be necessary \"for the history of\nthe triumphs of the Republic.\" In a private letter to the Directory\n(No. 220, vol. i. of the _Correspondence_, 1858), dated Carru, April\n24th, Bonaparte tells them that when he returns to camp, worn-out,\nhe has to work all night to put matters straight, and repress\npillage. \"Soldiery without bread work themselves into an excess of\nfrenzy which makes one blush to be a man.\"[43]... \"I intend to make\nterrible examples. I shall restore order, or cease to command these\nbrigands. The campaign is not yet decided. The enemy is desperate,\nnumerous, and fights well. He knows I am in want of everything, and\ntrusts entirely to time; but I trust entirely to the good genius of\nthe Republic, to the bravery of the soldiers, to the harmony of the\nofficers, and even to the confidence they repose in me.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "Aubenas goes into ecstasies over this letter, \"the longest, most\neloquent, and most impassioned of the whole series\" (vol. i. 322).\n\nFacsimile of Letter dated April 24, 1796.\n\n_June 15._--Here occurs the first gap in the correspondence, but\nhis letters to the Directory between this date and the last letter\nto Josephine extant (April 24) are full of interest, including his\nconscientious disobedience at Cherasco, and the aura of his destiny\nto \"ride the whirlwind and direct the storm\" which first inspired him\nafter Lodi. On April 28th was signed the armistice of Cherasco, by\nwhich his rear was secured by three strong fortresses.[44] He writes\nthe Directory that Piedmont is at their mercy, and that in making the\narmistice into a definite peace he trusts they will not forget the\nlittle island of Saint-Pierre, which will be more useful in the\nfuture than Corsica and Sardinia combined. He looks upon northern\nItaly as practically conquered, and speaks of invading Bavaria\nthrough the Tyrol. \"Prodigious\" is practically the verdict of the\nDirectory, and later of Jomini. \"My columns are marching; Beaulieu\nflees. I hope to catch him. I shall impose a contribution of some\nmillions on the Duke of Parma: he will sue for peace: don't be in a\nhurry, so that I may have time to make him also contribute to the\ncost of the campaign, by replenishing our stores and rehorsing our\nwaggons at his expense.\" Bonaparte suggests that Genoa should pay\nfifteen millions indemnity for the frigates and vessels taken in the\nport. Certain risks had to be run in invading Lombardy, owing to want\nof horse artillery, but at Cherasco he secured artillery and horses.\nWhen writing to the Directory for a dozen companies, he tells them\nnot to entrust the execution of this measure \"to the men of the\nbureaus, for it takes them ten days to forward an order.\" Writing to\nCarnot on the same day he states he is marching against Beaulieu,\nwho has 26,000 foot out of 38,000 at commencement of campaign.\nNapoleon's force is 28,000, but he has less cavalry. On May 1st, in a\nletter dated Acqui to Citizen Faipoult, he asks for particulars of\nthe pictures, statues, &c., of Milan, Parma, Placentia, Modena, and\nBologna. On the same day Massena writes that his men are needing\nshoes. On May 6th Bonaparte announces the capture of Tortona, \"a very\nfine fortress, which cost the King of Sardinia over fifteen\nmillions,\" while Cherasco has furnished him with twenty-eight guns.\nMeanwhile Massena has taken possession of Alessandria, with all its\nstores. On May 9th Napoleon writes to Carnot, \"We have at last\ncrossed the Po. The second campaign is begun; Beaulieu ... has\nfool-hardiness but no genius. One more victory, and Italy is ours.\" A\nclever commissary-general is all he needs, and his men are growing\nfat--with good meat and good wine. He sends to Paris twenty old\nmasters, with fine examples of Correggio and Michael-Angelo. It is\npleasant to find Napoleon's confidence in Carnot, in view of Barras'\ninsinuations that the latter had cared only for Moreau--his type\nof Xenophon. In this very letter Napoleon writes Carnot, \"I owe you\nmy special thanks for the care that you have kindly given to my wife;\nI recommend her to you, she is a sincere patriot, and I love her to\ndistraction.\" He is sending \"a dozen millions\" to France, and hopes\nthat some of it will be useful to the army of the Rhine. Meanwhile,\nand two days before Napoleon's letter to Carnot just mentioned, the\nlatter, on behalf of the Directory, suggests the division of his\ncommand with the old Alsatian General Kellermann. The Directory's\nidea of a gilded pill seems to be a prodigiously long letter. It is\none of those heart-breaking effusions that, even to this day,\nemanate from board-rooms, to the dismay and disgust of their\nrecipients. After plastering him with sickening sophistries as to\nhis \"sweetest recompense,\" it gives the utterly unnecessary\nmonition, \"March! no fatal repose, there are still laurels to\ngather\"! Nevertheless, his plan of ending the war by an advance\nthrough the Tyrol strikes them as too risky. He is to conquer the\nMilanais, and then divide his army with Kellermann, who is to guard\nthe conquered province, while he goes south to Naples and Rome. As an\nimplied excuse for not sending adequate reinforcements, Carnot adds,\n\"The exaggerated rumours that you have skilfully disseminated as to\nthe numbers of the French troops in Italy, will augment the fear\nof our enemies and almost double your means of action.\" The\nMilanais is to be heavily mulcted, but he is to be prudent. If Rome\nmakes advances, his first demand should be that the Pope may order\nimmediate public prayers for the prosperity and success of the French\nRepublic! The sending of old masters to France to adorn her National\nGalleries seems to have been entirely a conception of Napoleon's. He\nhas given sufficiently good reasons, from a patriotic point of view;\nfor money is soon spent, but a masterpiece may encourage Art among\nhis countrymen a generation later. The plunderers of the Parthenon of\n1800 could not henceforward throw stones at him in this respect. But\nhis real object was to win the people of Paris by thus sending them\nGlory personified in unique works of genius.\n\nThe Directory, already jealous of his fame, endeavour to neutralise\nthe effect of his initiative by hearty concurrence, and write, \"Italy\nhas been illumined and enriched by their possession, but the time is\nnow come when their reign should pass to France to stablish and\nbeautify that of Liberty.\" The despatch adds somewhat naively that the\neffects of the vandalism committed during their own Republican orgies\nwould be obliterated by this glorious campaign, which should \"join to\nthe splendour of military trophies the charm of beneficent and restful\narts.\" The Directory ends by inviting him to choose one or two artists\nto select the most valuable pictures and other masterpieces.\n\nMeanwhile, the Directory's supineness in pushing on the war on the\nRhine is enabling the Austrians to send large reinforcements against\nNapoleon. Bonaparte, who has recently suffered (Jomini, vol. viii.\n113) from Kellermann's tardiness in sending reinforcements at an\nimportant moment, replies to the letters of May 7th a week later, and\nwrites direct to Citizen Carnot from Lodi, as well as to the Executive\nDirectory. \"On the receipt of the Directory's letter of the 7th your\nwishes were fulfilled, and the Milanais is ours. I shall shortly\nmarch, to carry out your intentions, on Leghorn and Rome; all that\nwill soon be done. I am writing the Directory relatively to their idea\nof dividing the army. I swear that I have no thought beyond the\ninterest of my country. Moreover, you will always find me straight\n(_dans la ligne droite_).... As it might happen that this letter to\nthe Directory may be badly construed, and since you have assured me\nof your friendship, I take this opportunity of addressing you, begging\nyou to make what use of it your prudence and attachment for me may\nsuggest.... Kellermann will command the army as well as I, for no one\nis more convinced than I am that the victories are due to the courage\nand pluck of the army; but I think joining Kellermann and myself in\nItaly is to lose everything. I cannot serve willingly with a man who\nconsiders himself the first general in Europe; and, besides, I believe\none bad general is better than two good ones. War is like government:\nit is an affair of tact. To be of any use, I must enjoy the same\nconfidence that you testified to me in Paris. Where I make war, here\nor there, is a matter of indifference. To serve my country, to deserve\nfrom posterity a page in our history, to give the Government proofs of\nmy attachment and devotion--that is the sum of my ambition. But I am\nvery anxious not to lose in a week the fatigues, anxieties, and\ndangers of two months, and to find myself fettered. I began with a\ncertain amount of fame; I wish to continue worthy of you.\" To the\nDirectory he writes that the expeditions to Leghorn, Rome, and Naples\nare small affairs, but to be safely conducted must have one general in\ncommand. \"I have made the campaign without consulting a soul; I should\nhave done no good if I had had to share my views with another. I have\ngained some advantages over superior forces, and in utter want of\neverything, because, certain of your confidence, my marches have been\nas quick as my thoughts.\" He foretells disaster if he is shackled with\nanother general. \"Every one has his own method of making war. General\nKellermann has more experience, and will do it better than I; but both\ntogether will do it very badly.\" With Barras he knew eloquence was\nuseless, and therefore bribed him with a million francs. On May 10th\nwas gained the terrible battle of the Bridge of Lodi, where he won\npromotion from his soldiers, and became their \"little corporal,\" and\nwhere he told Las Cases that he \"was struck with the possibility of\nbecoming famous. It was then that the first spark of my ambition was\nkindled.\" On entering Milan he told Marmont, \"Fortune has smiled on me\nto-day, only because I despise her favours; she is a woman, and the\nmore she does for me, the more I shall exact from her. In our day no\none has originated anything great; it is for me to give the example.\"\n\nOn May 15th, thirty-five days after the commencement of the campaign,\nhe entered Milan, under a triumphal arch and amid the acclamations of\nthe populace. On the previous evening he was guilty of what Dr.\nJohnson would have considered a fitting herald of his spoliation of\npicture-galleries--the perpetration of a pun. At a dinner-table the\nhostess observed that his youth was remarkable in so great a\nconqueror, whereat he replied, \"Truly, madam, I am not very old at\npresent--barely twenty-seven--but in less than twenty-four hours I\nshall count many more, for I shall have attained Milan\" (_mille\nans_).\n\nOn May 22nd he returned to Lodi, but heard immediately that Lombardy\nin general, and Pavia in particular, was in open revolt. He makes a\nterrible example of Pavia, shooting its chief citizens, and, for the\nonly time, giving up a town to three hours' pillage. The Directory\ncongratulates him on these severe measures: \"The laws of war and the\nsafety of the army render them legitimate in such circumstances.\" He\nwrites them that had the blood of a single Frenchman been spilt, he\nwould have erected a column on the ruins of Pavia, on which should\nhave been inscribed, \"Here was the town of Pavia.\"\n\nOn May 21st, Carnot replies to the letter from Lodi: \"You appear\ndesirous, citizen general, of continuing to conduct the whole series\nof military operations in Italy, at the actual seat of war. The\nDirectory has carefully considered your proposition, and the\nconfidence that they place in your talents and republican zeal has\ndecided this question in the affirmative.... The rest of the military\noperations towards the Austrian frontier and round Mantua are\nabsolutely dependent on your success against Beaulieu. The Directory\nfeels how difficult it would be to direct them from Paris. It leaves\nto you in this respect the greatest latitude, while recommending the\nmost extreme prudence. Its intention is, however, that the army shall\ncross into the Tyrol only after the expedition to the south of\nItaly.\"\n\nThis was a complete victory for Bonaparte (Bingham calls it the\nDirectory's \"abject apology\"), and, as Scott points out, he now\n\"obtained an ascendency which he took admirable care not to\nrelinquish; and it became the sole task of the Directory, so far as\nItaly was concerned, to study phrases for intimating their approbation\nof the young general's measures.\"\n\nHe had forged a sword for France, and he now won her heart by gilding\nit. On May 16th the Directory had asked him to supply Kellermann with\nmoney for the army of the Alps, and by May 22nd he is able to write\nthat six or eight million francs in gold, silver, ingots, or jewels is\nlying at their disposal with one of the best bankers in Genoa, being\nsuperfluous to the needs of the army. \"If you wish it, I can have a\nmillion sent to Bale for the army of the Rhine.\" He has already helped\nKellermann, and paid his men. He also announces a further million\nrequisitioned from Modena. \"As it has neither fortresses nor muskets,\nI could not ask for them.\"\n\nHenceforth he lubricates the manifold wheels of French policy with\nItalian gold, and gains thereby the approbation and gratitude of the\nFrench armies and people. Meanwhile he does not neglect those who\nmight bear him a grudge. To Kellermann and to all the Directors he\nsends splendid chargers. From Parma he has the five best pictures\nchosen for Paris--the Saint Jerome and the Madonna della Scodella,\nboth by Correggio; the Preaching of St. John in the Desert, a Paul\nVeronese, and a Van Dyck, besides fine examples of Raphael, Caracci,\n&c.\n\nThe Directory is anxious that he shall chastise the English at\nLeghorn, as the fate of Corsica is somewhat dependent on it, whose\nloss \"will make London tremble.\" They secretly dread a war in the\nTyrol, forgetting that Bonaparte is a specialist in mountain fighting,\neducated under Paoli. They remind him that he has not sent the plans\nof his battles. \"You ought not to lack draughtsmen in Italy. Eh! what\nare your young engineer officers doing?\"\n\nOn May 31st Carnot writes to urge him to press the siege of Mantua,\nreasserting that the reinforcements which Beaulieu has received will\nnot take from that army its sense of inferiority, and that ten\nbattalions of Hoche's army are on the way. It approves and confirms\nthe \"generous fraternity\" with which Bonaparte offers a million francs\nto the armies on the Rhine. On June 7th he tells the Directory that\nRome is about to fulminate a bull against the French Royalists, but\nthat he thinks the expedition to Naples should be deferred, and also a\nquarrel with Venice--at least till he has beaten his other enemies; it\nis not expedient to tackle every one at once. On June 6th he thanks\nCarnot for a kind letter, adding that the best reward to sweeten\nlabour and perils is the esteem of the few men one really admires. He\nfears the hot weather for his men: \"we shall soon be in July, when\nevery march will cost us 200 sick.\" The same day he writes General\nClarke that all is flourishing, but that the dog-star is coming on at\na gallop, and that there is no remedy against its malign influence.\n\"Luckless beings that we are! Our position with nature is merely\nobservation, without control.\" He holds that the only safe way to end\nthe campaign without being beaten is not to go to the south of Italy.\nOn the 9th he thanks Kellermann for the troops he sends, and their\nexcellent discipline. On the 11th--always as anxious to help his\ngenerals as himself--he urges the Directory to press the Swiss\nGovernment to refund La Harpe's property to his children.\n\n\"_Presentiment of ill._\"--Marmont tells us what this was. The glass of\nhis wife's portrait, which he always carried with him, was found to be\nbroken. Turning frightfully pale, he said to Marmont, \"My wife is\neither very ill, or unfaithful.\" She left Paris June 24th. Marmont\nsays, \"Once at Milan, General Bonaparte was very happy, for at that\ntime he lived only for his wife.... Never love more pure, more true,\nmore exclusive, has possessed the heart of any man.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "Between June 15th and the renewal of Josephine's correspondence a\nglance at the intervening dates will show that Bonaparte and his army\nwere not wasting time. The treaty with Rome was a masterpiece, as in\naddition to money and works of art, he obtained the port of Ancona,\nsiege-guns with which to bombard Mantua, and best of all, a letter\nfrom the Pope to the faithful of France, recommending submission to\nthe new government there. In consideration of this, and possibly\nyielding to the religious sentiments of Josephine, he spared Rome his\npresence--the only capital which he abstained from entering, when he\nhad, as in the present case, the opportunity. It was not, however,\nuntil February 1797 that the Pope fulfilled his obligations under this\nTreaty, and then under new compulsion.\n\n_Fortune._--Josephine's dog (see note to Letter 2, Series B).\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [41] No. 89 of Napoleon III.'s Correspondence of Napoleon I., vol. i.,\n       the last letter signed Buonaparte; after March 24 we only find\n       Bonaparte.\n\n  [42] Compelled to surrender Genoa, before Marengo takes place, he\n       swears to the Austrian general he will be back there in\n       fourteen days, and keeps his word.\n\n  [43] Two days later he evidently feels this letter too severe, and\n       writes: \"All goes well. Pillage is less pronounced. This first\n       thirst of an army destitute of everything is quenched. The poor\n       fellows are excusable; after having sighed for three years at\n       the top of the Alps, they arrive in the Promised Land, and wish\n       to taste of it.\"\n\n  [44] Bingham, with his customary ill-nature, remarks that Bonaparte,\n       \"in spite of the orders of the Directory, took upon himself to\n       sign the armistice.\" These orders, dated March 6th, were\n       intended for a novice, and no longer applicable to the\n       conqueror of two armies, and which a Despatch on the way, dated\n       April 25th, already modified. Jomini admits the wisdom of this\n       advantageous peace, which secured Nice and Savoy to France, and\n       gave her all the chief mountain-passes leading into Italy.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES B",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_July 6, Sortie from Mantua of the Austrians._--According to Jomini\nthe French on this occasion were not successful (vol. viii. 162). In\none of his several letters to the Directory on this date is seen\nBonaparte's anxiety for reinforcements; the enemy has already 67,000\nmen against his available 40,000. Meanwhile he is helping the\nCorsicans to throw off the British yoke, and believes that the French\npossession of Leghorn will enable the French to gain that island\nwithout firing a shot.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Marmirolo._--On July 12th he writes to the Directory from Verona that\nfor some days he and the enemy have been watching each other. \"Woe to\nhim who makes a false move.\" He indicates that he is about to make a\n_coup de main_ on Mantua, with 300 men dressed in Austrian uniforms.\nHe is by no means certain of success, which \"depends entirely on\nluck--either on a dog[45] or a goose.\" He complains of much sickness\namong his men round Mantua, owing to the heat and miasmata from the\nmarshes, but so far no deaths. He will be ready to make Venice\ndisgorge a few millions shortly, if the Directory make a quarrel in\nthe interim.\n\nOn the 13th he was with Josephine, as he writes from Milan, but leaves\non the 14th, and on the 17th is preparing a _coup de_ _main_ with 800\ngrenadiers, which, as we see from the next letter, fails.\n\n_Fortune._--Arnault tells an anecdote of this lap-dog, which in 1794,\nin the days of the Terror, had been used as a bearer of secret\ndespatches between Josephine in prison and the governess of her\nchildren outside the grille. Henceforward Josephine would never be\nparted from it. One day in June 1797 the dog was lying on the same\ncouch as its mistress, and Bonaparte, accosting Arnault and pointing\nto the dog with his finger, said, \"You see that dog there. He is my\nrival. He was in possession of Madame's bed when I married her. I\nwished to make him get out--vain hope! I was told I must resign\nmyself to sleep elsewhere, or consent to share with him. That was\nsufficiently exasperating, but it was a question of taking or\nleaving, and I resigned myself. The favourite was less accommodating\nthan I. I bear the proof of it in this leg.\"\n\nNot content with barking at every one, he bit not only men but other\ndogs, and was finally killed by a mastiff, much to Bonaparte's secret\nsatisfaction; for, as St. Amand adds, \"he could easily win battles,\naccomplish miracles, make or unmake principalities, but could not show\na dog the door.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "\"_The village of Virgil._\"--Michelet (Jusqu'au 18 _Brumaire_) thinks\nthat here he got the idea of the Fete of Virgil, established a few\nmonths later. In engravings of the hero of Italy we see him near the\ntomb of Virgil, his brows shaded by a laurel crown.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_Achille._--Murat. He had been appointed one of Bonaparte's\naides-de-camp February 29th, made General of Brigade after the Battle\nof Lodi (May 10th); is sent to Paris after Junot with nine trophies,\nand arrives there first. He flirts there outrageously with Josephine,\nbut does not escort her back to her husband.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "'_Will o' the wisp_,' _i.e._ _l'ardent_.--This word, according to\nMenage, was given by the Sieur de St. Germain to those lively young\nsparks who, about the year 1634, used to meet at the house of Mr.\nMarsh (M. de Marest), who was one of them.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_The needs of the army._--Difficulties were accumulating, and Napoleon\nwas, as he admits at St. Helena, seriously alarmed. Wurmser's force\nproves to be large, Piedmont is angry with the Republic and ready to\nrise, and Venice and Rome would willingly follow its example; the\nEnglish have taken Porto-Ferrajo, and their skilful minister, Windham,\nis sowing the seeds of discord at Naples. Although on July 20th he has\nwritten a friend in Corsica that \"all smiles on the Republic,\" he\nwrites Saliceti, another brother Corsican, very differently on August\n1st. \"Fortune appears to oppose us at present.... I have raised the\nsiege of Mantua; I am at Brescia with nearly all my army. I shall take\nthe first opportunity of fighting a battle with the enemy which will\ndecide the fate of Italy--if I'm beaten, I shall retire on the Adda;\nif I win, I shall not stop in the marshes of Mantua.... Let the\ncitadels of Milan, Tortona, Alessandria, and Pavia be provisioned....\nWe are all very tired; I have ridden five horses to death.\" Reading\nbetween the lines of this letter to Josephine, it is evident that he\nthinks she will be safer with him than at Milan--Wurmser having the\noption of advancing _via_ Brescia on Milan, and cutting off the French\ncommunications. The Marshal's fatal mistake was in using only half his\narmy for the purpose. This raising of the siege of Mantua (July 31st)\nwas heart-rending work for Bonaparte, but, as Jomini shows, he had no\nartillery horses, and it was better to lose the siege train,\nconsisting of guns taken from the enemy, than to jeopardise the whole\narmy. Wurmser had begun his campaign successfully by defeating\nMassena, and pushing back Sauret at Salo. \"The Austrians,\" wrote\nMassena, \"are drunk with brandy, and fight furiously,\" while his men\nare famished and can only hang on by their teeth. Bonaparte calls his\nfirst war council, and thinks for a moment of retreat, but Augereau\ninsists on fighting, which is successfully accomplished while Wurmser\nis basking himself among the captured artillery outside Mantua.\nBonaparte had been perfectly honest in telling the Directory his\ndifficulties, and sends his brother Louis to the Directory for that\npurpose on the eve of battle. He is complimented in a letter from the\nDirectory dated August 12th--a letter probably the more genuine as\nthey had just received a further despatch announcing a victory. On\nAugust 3rd Bonaparte won a battle at Lonato, and the next day Augereau\ngained great laurels at Castiglione; in later years the Emperor often\nincited Augereau by referring to those \"fine days of Castiglione.\"\nBetween July 29th and August 12th the French army took 15,000\nprisoners, 70 guns, and wounded or killed 25,000, with little more\nthan half the forces of the Austrians. Bonaparte gives his losses at\n7000, exclusive of the 15,000 sick he has in hospital; from July 31st\nto August 6th he never changed his boots, or lay down in a bed.\nNevertheless, Jomini thinks that he showed less vigour in the\nexecution of his plans than in the earlier part of the campaign; but,\nas an opinion _per contra_, we may note that the French grenadiers\nmade their \"little Corporal\" _Sergeant_ at Castiglione. Doubtless the\nproximity of his wife at the commencement (July 31st) made him more\ncareful, and therefore less intrepid. On August 18th he wrote\nKellermann with an urgent request for troops. On August 17th Colonel\nGraham, after hinting at the frightful excesses committed by the\nAustrians in their retreat, adds in a postscript--\"From generals to\nsubalterns the universal language of the army is that we must make\npeace, as we do not know how to make war.\"[46]\n\nOn August 13th Bonaparte sent to the Directory his opinion of most of\nhis generals, in order to show that he required some better ones. Some\nof his criticisms are interesting:--\n\n  Berthier--\"Talents, activity, courage, character; he has them\n  all.\"\n\n  Augereau--\"Much character, courage, firmness, activity; is\n\n  accustomed to war, beloved by the soldiers, lucky in his\n  operations.\"\n\n  Massena--\"Active, indefatigable, has boldness, grasp, and\n  promptitude in making his decisions.\"\n\n  Serrurier--\"Fights like a soldier, takes no responsibility;\n  determined, has not much opinion of his troops, is often ailing.\"\n\n  Despinois--\"Flabby, inactive, slack, has not the genius for war,\n  is not liked by the soldiers, does not fight with his head; has\n  nevertheless good, sound political principles: would do well to\n  command in the interior.\"\n\n  Sauret--\"A good, very good soldier, not sufficiently enlightened\n  to be a general; unlucky.\"\n\nOf eight more he has little good to say, but the Directory in\nacknowledging his letter of August 23rd remarks that he has forgotten\nseveral officers, and especially the Irish general Kilmaine.\n\nAbout the same time Colonel Graham (Lord Lynedoch) was writing to the\nBritish Government from Trent that the Austrians, despite their\ndefeats, were \"undoubtedly brave fine troops, and an able chief would\nput all to rights in a little time.\"[47] On August 18th he adds--\"When\nthe wonderful activity, energy, and attention that prevail in the\nFrench service, from the commander-in-chief downward, are compared to\nthe indecision, indifference, and indolence universal here, the\nsuccess of their rash but skilful manoeuvres is not surprising.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_Brescia._--Napoleon was here on July 27th, meeting Josephine about\nthe date arranged (July 25th), and she returned with him. On July 29th\nthey were nearly captured by an Austrian ambuscade near Ceronione, and\nJosephine wept with fright. \"Wurmser,\" said Napoleon, embracing her,\n\"shall pay dearly for those tears.\" She accompanies him to Castel\nNova, and sees a skirmish at Verona; but the sight of wounded men\nmakes her leave the army, and, finding it impossible to reach Brescia,\nshe flees _via_ Ferrara and Bologna to Lucca. She leaves the French\narmy in dire straits and awaits news anxiously, while the Senate of\nLucca presents her with the oil kept exclusively for royalty. Thence\nshe goes _via_ Florence to Milan. By August 7th the Austrian army was\nbroken and in full retreat, and Bonaparte conducts his correspondence\nfrom Brescia from August 11th to 18th. On the 25th he is at Milan,\nwhere he meets his wife after her long pilgrimage, and spends four\ndays. By August 30th he is again at Brescia, and reminds her that he\nleft her \"vexed, annoyed, and not well.\" From a letter to her aunt,\nMadame de Renaudin, at this time, quoted by Aubenas, we can see her\nreal feelings: \"I am feted wherever I go; all the princes of Italy\ngive me fetes, even the Grand Duke of Tuscany, brother of the Emperor.\nAh, well, I prefer being a private individual in France. I care not\nfor honours bestowed in this country. I get sadly bored. My health has\nundoubtedly a great deal to do with making me unhappy; I am often out\nof sorts. If happiness could assure health, I ought to be in the best\nof health. I have the most amiable husband imaginable. I have no time\nto long for anything. My wishes are his. He is all day long in\nadoration before me, as if I were a divinity; there could not possibly\nbe a better husband. M. Serbelloni will tell you how he loves me. He\noften writes to my children; he loves them dearly. He is sending\nHortense, by M. Serbelloni, a lovely repeater, jewelled and enamelled;\nto Eugene a splendid gold watch.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "\"_I hope we shall get into Trent by the 5th._\"--He entered the city on\nthat day. In his pursuit of Wurmser, he and his army cover sixty miles\nin two days, through the terrific Val Saguna and Brenta gorges,\nbrushing aside opposition by the way.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "\"_One of these nights the doors will be burst open with a\nbang._\"--Apparently within two or three days, for Bonaparte is at\nMilan on September 21st, and stays with his wife till October 12th.\nOn October 1st he writes to the Directory that his total forces are\nonly 27,900; and that the Austrians, within six weeks, will have\n50,000. He asks for 26,000 more men to end the war satisfactorily: \"If\nthe preservation of Italy is dear to you, citizen directors, send me\nhelp.\" On the 8th they reply with the promise of 10,000 to 12,000, to\nwhich he replies (October 11th) that if 10,000 have started only 5000\nwill reach him. The Directory at this time are very poverty stricken,\nand ask him once more to pay Kellermann's Army of the Alps, as being\n\"to some extent part of that which you command.\" This must have been\n\"nuts and wine\" for the general who was to have been superseded by\nKellermann a few months earlier. On October 1st they advise him that\nWurmser's name is on the list of emigrants, and that if the Marshal\nwill surrender Mantua at once he need not be sent to Paris for trial.\nIf, however, Bonaparte thinks that this knowledge will make the old\nMarshal more desperate, he is not to be told. Bonaparte, of course,\ndoes not send the message. For some time these letters had been signed\nby the President Lareveillere Lepeaux, but on September 19th there was\na charming letter from Carnot: \"Although accustomed to unprecedented\ndeeds on your part, our hopes have been surpassed by the victory of\nBassano. What glory is yours, immortal Bonaparte! Moreau was about to\neffect a juncture with you when that wretched _reculade_ of Jourdan\nupset all our plans. Do not forget that immediately the armies go into\nwinter quarters on the Rhine the Austrians will have forces available\nto help Wurmser.\" At Milan Bonaparte advises the Directory that he is\ndealing with unpunished \"fripponeries\" in the commissariat department.\nHere he receives from young Kellermann, afterwards the hero of\nMarengo, a _precis_ of the condition of the Brescia fever-hospitals,\ndated October 6th: \"A wretched mattress, dirty and full of vermin, a\ncoarse sheet to each bed, rarely washed, no counterpanes, much\ndilatoriness, such is the spectacle that the fever-hospitals of\nBrescia present; it is heart-rending. The soldiers justly complain\nthat, having conquered opulent Italy at the cost of their life-blood,\nthey might, without enjoying comforts, at least find the help and\nattention which their situation demands. Bread and rice are the only\npassable foods, but the meat is hard. I beg that the general-in-chief\nwill immediately give attention to his companions in glory, who wish\nfor restored health only that they may gather fresh laurels.\" Thus\nBonaparte had his Bloemfontein, and perhaps his Burdett-Coutts.\n\nOn October 12th he tells the Directory that Mantua will not fall till\nFebruary--the exact date of its capitulation. One is tempted to wonder\nif Napoleon was human enough to have inserted one little paragraph of\nhis despatch of October 12th from Milan with one eye on its perusal by\nhis wife, as it contains a veiled sneer at Hoche's exploits: \"Send me\nrather generals of brigade than generals of division. All that comes\nto us from La Vendee is unaccustomed to war on a large scale; we have\nthe same reproach against the troops, but they are well-hardened.\" On\nthe same day he shows them that all the marvels of his six months'\ncampaign have cost the French Government only L440,000 (eleven million\nfrancs). He pleads, however, for special auditors to have charge of\nthe accounts. Napoleon had not only made war support war, but had sent\ntwenty million francs requisitioned in Italy to the Republic. On\nOctober 12th he leaves Milan for Modena, where he remains from the\n14th to the 18th, is at Bologna on the 19th, and Ferrara from the 19th\nto the 22nd, reaching Verona on the 24th.\n\nJomini has well pointed out that Napoleon's conception of making two\nor three large Italian republics in place of many small ones minimised\nthe power of the Pope, and also that of Austria, by abolishing its\nfeudal rigours.\n\nBy this time Bonaparte is heartily sick of the war. On October 2nd he\nwrites direct to the Emperor of Germany: \"Europe wants peace. This\ndisastrous war has lasted too long;\" and on the 16th to Marshal\nWurmser: \"The siege of Mantua, sir, is more disastrous than two\ncampaigns.\" His weariness is tempered with policy, as Alvinzi was _en\nroute_, and the French reinforcements had not arrived, not even the\n10,000 promised in May.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "\"_Corsica is ours._\"--At St. Helena he told his generals, \"The King of\nEngland wore the Corsican crown only two years. This whim cost the\nBritish treasury five millions sterling. John Bull's riches could not\nhave been worse employed.\" He writes to the Directory on the same day:\n\"The expulsion of the English from the Mediterranean has considerable\ninfluence on the success of our military operations in Italy. We can\nexact more onerous conditions from Naples, which will have the\ngreatest moral effect on the minds of the Italians, assures our\ncommunications, and makes Naples tremble as far as Sicily.\" On October\n25th he writes: \"Wurmser is at his last gasp; he is short of wine,\nmeat, and forage; he is eating his horses, and has 15,000 sick. In\nfifty days Mantua will either be taken or delivered.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "_Verona._--Bonaparte had made a long stay at Verona, to November 4th,\nwaiting reinforcements which never came. On November 5th he writes to\nthe Directory: \"All the troops of the Directory arrive post-haste at\nan alarming rate, and we--we are left to ourselves. Fine promises and\na few driblets of men are all we have received;\" and on November 13th\nhe writes again: \"Perchance we are on the eve of losing Italy. None of\nthe expected reinforcements have arrived.... I am doing my duty, the\nofficers and men are doing theirs; my heart is breaking, but my\nconscience is at rest. Help--send me help!... I despair of preventing\nthe relief of Mantua, which in a week would have been ours. The\nwounded are the pick of the army; all our superior officers, all our\npicked generals are _hors de combat_; those who have come to me are so\nincompetent, and they have not the soldiers' confidence. The army of\nItaly, reduced to a handful of men, is exhausted. The heroes of Lodi,\nMillesimo, Castiglione, and Bassano have died for their country, or\nare in hospital;[48] to the corps remain only their reputation and\ntheir glory. Joubert, Lannes, Lanusse, Victor, Murat, Chabot, Dupuy,\nRampon, Pijon, Menard, Chabran, and St. Hilaire are wounded.... In a\nfew days we shall make a last effort. Had I received the 83rd, 3500\nstrong, and of good repute in the army, I would have answered for\neverything. Perhaps in a few days 40,000 will not suffice.\" The reason\nfor this unwonted pessimism was the state of his troops. His brother\nLouis reported that Vaubois' men had no shoes and were almost naked,\nin the midst of snow and mountains; that desertions were taking place\nof soldiers with bare and bleeding feet, who told the enemy the plans\nand conditions of their army. Finally Vaubois bungles, through not\nknowing the ground, and is put under the orders of Massena, while two\nof his half-brigades are severely censured by Napoleon in person for\ntheir cowardice.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 15.",
    "body": "\"_Once more I breathe freely._\"--Thrice had Napoleon been foiled, as\nmuch by the weather and his shoeless soldiers as by numbers (40,000\nAustrians to his 28,000), and his position was well-nigh hopeless on\nNovember 14th. He trusts Verona to 3000 men, and the blockade of\nMantua to Kilmaine, and the defence of Rivoli to Vaubois--the weakest\nlink in the chain--and determines to manoeuvre by the Lower Adige upon\nthe Austrian communications. He gets forty-eight hours' start, and\nwins Arcola; in 1814 he deserved equal success, but bad luck and\ntreachery turned the scale. The battle of Arcola lasted seventy-two\nhours, and for forty-eight hours was in favour of the Austrians.\nPending the arrival of the promised reinforcements, the battle was\nbought too dear, and weakened Bonaparte more than the Austrians, who\nreceived new troops almost daily. He replaced Vaubois by Joubert.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "\"_The 29th._\"--But he is at Milan from November 27th to December 16th.\nMost people know, from some print or other, the picture by Gros of\nBonaparte, flag in hand, leading his men across the murderous bridge\nof Arcola. It was during this visit to Milan that his portrait was\ntaken, and Lavalette has preserved for us the domestic rather than the\ndignified manner of the sitting accorded. He refused to give a fixed\ntime, and the artist was in despair, until Josephine came to his aid\nby taking her husband on her knees every morning after breakfast, and\nkeeping him there a short time. Lavalette assisted at three of these\nsittings--apparently to remove the bashful embarrassment of the young\npainter. St. Amand suggests that Gros taking the portrait of Bonaparte\nat Milan, just after Arcola, would, especially under such novel\nconditions, prove a fitting theme for our artists to-day! From\nDecember 16th to 21st Bonaparte is at Verona, whence he returns to\nMilan. There is perhaps a veiled innuendo in Barras' letter of\nDecember 30th. Clarke had advised the Directory that Alvinzi was\nplanning an attack, which Barras mentions, but adds: \"Your return to\nMilan shows that you consider another attack in favour of Wurmser\nunlikely, or, at least, not imminent.\" He is at Milan till January\n7th, whence he goes to Bologna, the city which, he says, \"of all the\nItalian cities has constantly shown the greatest energy and the most\nconsiderable share of real information.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "_General Brune._--This incident fixes the date of this letter to be 23\n_Nivose_ (January 12), and not 23 _Messidor_ (July 11), as hitherto\npublished in the French editions of this letter. On January 12, 1797,\nhe wrote General Clarke from Verona (No. 1375 of the _Correspondence_)\nalmost an exact duplicate of this letter--a very rare coincidence in\nthe epistles of Napoleon. \"Scarcely set out from Roverbella, I learnt\nthat the enemy had appeared at Verona. Massena made his dispositions,\nwhich have been very successful; we have made 600 prisoners, and we\nhave taken three pieces of cannon. General Brune has had seven bullets\nin his clothes, without having been touched by one of them; this is\nwhat it is to be lucky. We have had only ten men killed, and a hundred\nwounded.\" Bonaparte had left Bologna on January 10, reaching Verona\n_via_ Roverbella on the 12th.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "_February 3rd._--\"_I wrote you this morning._\"--This and probably\nother letters describing Rivoli, La Favorite, and the imminent fall\nof Mantua, are missing. In summing up the campaign Thiers declares\nthat in ten months 55,000 French (all told, including reinforcements)\nhad beaten more than 200,000 Austrians, taken 80,000 of them\nprisoners, killed and wounded 20,000. They had fought twelve pitched\nbattles, and sixty actions. These figures are probably as much above\nthe mark as those of Napoleon's detractors are below it.\n\nOne does not know which to admire most, Bonaparte's absence from\nMarshal Wurmser's humiliation, or his abstention from entering Rome as\na conqueror. The first was the act of a perfect gentleman, worthy of\nthe best traditions of chivalry, the second was the very quintessence\nof far-seeing sagacity, not \"baulking the end half-won, for an instant\ndole of praise.\" As he told Mdme. de Remusat at Passeriano, \"I\nconquered the Pope better by not going to Rome than if I had burnt his\ncapital.\" Scott has compared his treatment of Wurmser to that of the\nBlack Prince with his royal prisoner, King John of France. Wurmser was\nan Alsatian on the list of _emigres_, and Bonaparte gave the Marshal\nhis life by sending him back to Austria, a fact which Wurmser requited\nby warning Bonaparte of a conspiracy to poison him[49] in Romagna,\nwhich Napoleon thinks would otherwise have been successful.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 24.",
    "body": "\"_Perhaps I shall make peace with the Pope._\"--On February 12th the\nPope had written to \"his dear son, General Bonaparte,\" to depute\nplenipotentiaries for a peace, and ends by assuring him \"of our\nhighest esteem,\" and concluding with the paternal apostolic\nbenediction. Meanwhile Napoleon, instead of sacking Faenza, has just\ninvoked the monks and priests to follow the precepts of the Gospel.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 25.",
    "body": "\"_The unlimited power you hold over me._\"--There seems no question\nthat during the Italian campaigns he was absolutely faithful to\nJosephine, although there was scarcely a beauty in Milan who did not\naspire to please him and to conquer him. In his fidelity there was,\nsays St. Amand, much love and a little calculation. As Napoleon has\nsaid himself, his position was delicate in the extreme; he commanded\nold generals; every one of his movements was jealously watched; his\ncircumspection was extreme. His fortune lay in his wisdom. He would\nhave to forget himself for one hour, and how many of his victories\ndepended upon no more! The celebrated singer, La Grassini, who had all\nItaly at her feet, cared only for the young general who would not at\nthat time vouchsafe her a glance.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [45] Murat, says Marmont, who hated him, was the culprit here.\n\n  [46] J. H. Rose in _Eng. Hist. Review_, January 1899.\n\n  [47] See Essay by J. H. Rose in _Eng. Hist. Review_, January 1899.\n\n  [48] With fevers caught in the rice-swamps of Lombardy.\n\n  [49] With aqua tofana, says Marmont.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES C\n\n_THE CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO_, 1800\n\n\nElected to the joint consulate by the events of the 18th _Brumaire_\n(November 9), 1799, Napoleon spent the first Christmas Day after his\nreturn from Egypt in writing personal letters to the King of England\nand Emperor of Austria, with a view to peace. He asks King George how\nit is that the two most enlightened nations of Europe do not realise\nthat peace is the chief need as well as the chief glory ... and\nconcludes by asserting that the fate of all civilised nations is bound\nup in the conclusion of a war \"which embraces the entire world.\" His\nefforts fail in both cases. On December 27th he makes the _Moniteur_\nthe sole official journal. On February 7th, 1800, he orders ten days'\nmilitary mourning for the death of Washington--that \"great man who,\nlike the French, had fought for equality and liberty.\" On April 22nd\nhe urges Moreau to begin his campaign with the army of the Rhine, an\norder reiterated on April 24th through Carnot, again made Minister of\nWar. A diversion to save the army of Italy was now imperative. On May\n5th he congratulated Moreau on the battle of Stockach, but informs him\nthat Massena's position is critical, shut up in Genoa, and with food\nonly till May 25th. He advises Massena the same day that he leaves\nParis that night to join the Army of Reserve, that the cherished\nchild of victory must hold out as long as possible, at least until May\n30th. At Geneva he met M. Necker. On May 14th he writes General\nMortier, commandant of Paris, to keep that city quiet, as he will have\nstill to be away a few days longer, which he trusts \"will not be\nindifferent to M. de Melas.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "This letter was written from Ivrea, May 29th, 1800. On the 30th\nNapoleon is at Vercelli, on June 1st at Novara, and on June 2nd in\nMilan. Eugene served under Murat at the passage of the Ticino, May\n31st.\n\n_M.'s_; probably \"Maman,\" _i.e._ his mother.\n\n_Cherries._--This fruit had already tender associations. Las Cases\ntells us that when Napoleon was only sixteen he met at Valence\nMademoiselle du Colombier, who was not insensible to his merits. It\nwas the first love of both.... \"We were the most innocent creatures\nimaginable,\" the Emperor used to say; \"we contrived little meetings\ntogether. I well remember one which took place on a midsummer morning,\njust as daylight began to dawn. It will scarcely be believed that all\nour happiness consisted in eating cherries together\" (vol. i. 81,\n1836).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_Milan._--He arrived here on June 2nd, and met with a great reception.\nIn his bulletin of June 5th we find him assisting at an improvised\nconcert. It ends, somewhat quaintly for a bulletin, as follows:\n\"Italian music has a charm ever new. The celebrated singers,\nBillington,[50] La Grassini, and Marchesi are expected at Milan. They\nsay they are about to start for Paris to give concerts there.\"\nAccording to M. Frederic Masson, this Paris visit masked ulterior\nmotives, and was arranged at a _dejeuner_ on the same day, where La\nGrassini, Napoleon, and Berthier breakfasted together. Henceforward to\nMarengo Napoleon spends every spare day listening to the marvellous\nsongstress, and as at Eylau, seven years later, runs great risks by\nadmitting Venus into the camp of Mars. At St. Helena he declares that\nfrom June 3rd to 8th he was busy \"receiving deputations, and showing\nhimself to people assembled from all parts of Lombardy to see their\nliberator.\" The Austrians had declared that he had died in Egypt. The\ndate of No. 4 should probably be June 9th, on which day the rain was\nvery heavy. He reached Stradella the next day.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [50] On reaching London a few months later Mistress Billington was\n       engaged simultaneously by Drury Lane and Covent Garden, and\n       during the following year harvested L10,000 from these two\n       engagements.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES D",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "The date is doubtless 27 _Messidor_ (July 16), and the fete alluded to\nthat of July 14. The following day Napoleon signed the Concordat with\nthe Pope, which paved the way for the restoration of the Roman\nCatholic religion in France (September 11).\n\n_The blister._--On July 7 he quaintly writes Talleyrand: \"They have\nput a second blister on my arm, which prevented me giving audience\nyesterday. Time of sickness is an opportune moment for coming to terms\nwith the priests.\"\n\n_Some plants._--No trait in Josephine's character is more characteristic\nthan her love of flowers--not the selfish love of a mere collector,[51]\nbut the bountiful joy of one who wishes to share her treasures.\nMalmaison had become the \"veritable Jardin des Plantes\" of the\nepoch,[52] far better than its Paris namesake in those days. The\nsplendid hothouses, constructed by M. Thibaut, had been modelled on\nthose of Kew, and enabled Josephine to collect exotics from every\nclime, and especially from her beloved Martinique. No jewel was so\nprecious to her as a rare and beautiful flower. The Minister of\nMarine never forgot to instruct the deep-sea captains to bring back\nfloral tributes from the far-off tropics. These often fell, together\nwith the ships, into the hands of the British sea-dogs, but the\nPrince Regent always had them sent on from London, and thus\nrendered, says Aubenas, \"the gallant homage of a courtly enemy to the\ncharming tastes and to the popularity already acquired by this\nuniversally beloved woman.\" Her curator, M. Aime Bonpland, was an\naccomplished naturalist, who had been with Humboldt in America, and\nbrought thence 6000 new plants. On his return in 1804 he was nominated\nby Josephine manager of the gardens of Malmaison and Navarre.\n\nIn the splendid work, _Le Jardin de la Malmaison_, in three volumes,\nare plates, with descriptions of 184 plants, mostly new, collected\nthere from Egypt, Arabia, the United States, the Antilles, Mexico,\nMadeira, the Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, the East Indies, New\nCaledonia, Australia, and China. To Josephine we owe the Camellia, and\nthe Catalpa, from the flora of Peru, whilst her maiden name (La\nPagerie) was perpetuated by Messrs. Pavon and Ruiz in the Lapageria.\n\n_If the weather is as bad._--As we shall see later, Bourrienne was\ninvaluable to Josephine's court for his histrionic powers, and he\nseems to have been a prime favourite. On the present occasion he\nreceived the following \"Account of the Journey to Plombieres. To the\nInhabitants of Malmaison,\"--probably the work of Count Rapp, touched\nup by Hortense (Bourrienne's _Napoleon_, vol. ii. 85. Bentley,\n1836):--\n\n\"The whole party left Malmaison in tears, which brought on such\ndreadful headaches that all the amiable company were quite overcome by\nthe idea of the journey. Madame Bonaparte, mere, supported the\nfatigues of this memorable day with the greatest courage; but Madame\nBonaparte, consulesse, did not show any. The two young ladies who sat\nin the dormeuse, Mademoiselle Hortense and Madame Lavalette, were\nrival candidates for a bottle of Eau de Cologne; and every now and\nthen the amiable M. Rapp made the carriage stop for the comfort of his\npoor little sick heart, which overflowed with bile; in fact, he was\nobliged to take to bed on arriving at Epernay, while the rest of the\namiable party tried to drown their sorrows in champagne. The second\nday was more fortunate on the score of health and spirits, but\nprovisions were wanting, and great were the sufferings of the stomach.\nThe travellers lived on in the hope of a good supper at Toul, but\ndespair was at its height when on arriving there they found only a\nwretched inn, and nothing in it. We saw some odd-looking folks there,\nwhich indemnified us a little for spinach dressed with lamp-oil, and\nred asparagus fried with curdled milk. Who would not have been amused\nto see the Malmaison gourmands seated at a table so shockingly\nserved!\n\n\"In no record of history is there to be found a day passed in distress\nso dreadful as that on which we arrived at Plombieres. On departing\nfrom Toul we intended to breakfast at Nancy, for every stomach had\nbeen empty for two days, but the civil and military authorities came\nout to meet us, and prevented us from executing our plan. We continued\nour route, wasting away, so that you might see us growing thinner\nevery moment. To complete our misfortune, the dormeuse, which seemed\nto have taken a fancy to embark on the Moselle for Metz, barely\nescaped an overturn. But at Plombieres we have been well compensated\nfor this unlucky journey, for on our arrival we were received with all\nkinds of rejoicings. The town was illuminated, the cannon fired, and\nthe faces of handsome women at all the windows gave us reason to hope\nthat we shall bear our absence from Malmaison with the less regret.\n\n\"With the exception of some anecdotes, which we reserve for chit-chat\non our return, you have here a correct account of our journey, which\nwe, the undersigned, hereby certify.\n\n  \"JOSEPHINE BONAPARTE.\n  BEAUHARNAIS LAVALETTE.\n  HORTENSE BEAUHARNAIS.\n  RAPP.\n  BONAPARTE, MERE.\n\n\"The company ask pardon for the blots.\"\n\n  _\"21 Messidor (July 10)._\n\n\"It is requested that the person who receives this journal will show\nit to all who take an interest in the fair travellers.\"\n\nAt this time Hortense was madly in love with Napoleon's favourite\ngeneral, Duroc, who, however, loved his master more, and preferred not\nto interfere with his projects, especially as a marriage with Hortense\nwould mean separation from Napoleon. Hortense and Bourrienne were both\nexcellent billiard players, and the latter used this opportunity to\ncarry letters from Hortense to her lukewarm lover.\n\n_Malmaison, without you, is too dreary._--Although Madame la Grassini\nhad been specially summoned to sing at the Fete de la Concorde the day\nbefore.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "This is the third pilgrimage Josephine has made, under the doctor's\norders, to Plombieres; but the longed-for heir will have to be sought\nfor elsewhere, by fair means or foul. Lucien, who as Spanish\nAmbassador had vainly spent the previous year in arranging the divorce\nand remarriage of Napoleon to a daughter of the King of Spain,\nsuggests adultery at Plombieres, or a \"warming-pan conspiracy,\" as the\nlast alternatives.[53] Josephine complains to Napoleon of his\nbrother's \"poisonous\" suggestions, and Lucien is again disgraced. In a\nfew months an heir is found in Hortense's first-born, Napoleon\nCharles, born October 10.\n\n_The fat Eugene_ had come partly to be near his sister in her mother's\nabsence, and partly to receive his colonelcy. Josephine is wretched to\nbe absent, and writes to Hortense (June 16):--\"I am utterly wretched,\nmy dear Hortense, to be separated from you, and my mind is as sick as\nmy body. I feel that I was not born, my dear child, for so much\ngrandeur.... By now Eugene should be with you; that thought consoles\nme.\" Aubenas has found in the Tascher archives a charming letter from\nJosephine to her mother in Martinique, announcing how soon she may\nhope to find herself a great-grandmother.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_Your letter has come._--Possibly the one to Hortense quoted above, as\nJosephine was not fond of writing many letters.\n\n_Injured whilst shooting a boar._--Constant was not aware of this\noccurrence, and was therefore somewhat incredulous of Las Cases\n(vol. i. 289). The account in the \"Memorial of St. Helena\" is as\nfollows:--\"Another time, while hunting the wild boar at Marly, all his\nsuite were put to flight; it was like the rout of an army. The\nEmperor, with Soult and Berthier,[54] maintained their ground against\nthree enormous boars. 'We killed all three, but I received a hurt\nfrom my adversary, and nearly lost this finger,' said the Emperor,\npointing to the third finger of his left hand, which indeed bore the\nmark of a severe wound. 'But the most laughable circumstance of all\nwas to see the multitude of men, surrounded by their dogs, screening\nthemselves behind the three heroes, and calling out lustily \"Save the\nEmperor![55] save the Emperor!\" while not one advanced to my\nassistance'\" (vol. ii. 202. Colburn, 1836).\n\n\"_The Barber of Seville._\"--This was their best piece, and spectators\n(except Lucien) agree that in it the little theatre at Malmaison and\nits actors were unsurpassed in Paris. Bourrienne as Bartholo, Hortense\nas Rosina, carried off the palm. According to the Duchesse d'Abrantes,\nWednesday was the usual day of representation, when the First Consul\nwas wont to ask forty persons to dinner, and a hundred and fifty for\nthe evening. As the Duchess had reason to know, Bonaparte was the\nseverest of critics. \"Lauriston made a noble lover,\" says the\nDuchess--\"rather heavy\" being Bourrienne's more professional comment.\nEugene, says Meneval, excelled in footman's parts.[56] Michot, from\nthe Theatre Francais, was stage manager; and Bonaparte provided what\nConstant has called \"the Malmaison Troupe,\" with their dresses and a\ncollection of dramas. He was always spurring them on to more ambitious\nflights, and by complimenting Bourrienne on his prodigious memory,\nwould stimulate him to learn the longest parts. Lucien, who refused to\nact, declares that Bonaparte quoted the saying of Louis XVI.\nconcerning Marie Antoinette and her company, that the performances\n\"were royally badly played.\" Junot, however, even in these days played\nthe part of a drunkard only too well (Jung, vol. ii. 256).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_The Sevres Manufactory._--After his visit, he wrote Duroc: \"This\nmorning I gave, in the form of gratuity, a week's wages to the workmen\nof the Sevres manufactory. Have the amount given to the director. It\nshould not exceed a thousand ecus.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_Your lover, who is tired of being alone._--So much so that he got up\nat five o'clock in the morning to read his letters in a young bride's\nbed-chamber. The story is brightly told by the lady in question,\nMadame d'Abrantes (vol. ii. ch. 19). A few days before the Marly hunt,\nmentioned in No. 3, the young wife of seventeen, whom Bonaparte had\nknown from infancy, and whose mother (Madame Permon) he had wished to\nmarry, found the First Consul seated by her bedside with a thick\npacket of letters, which he was carefully opening and making marginal\nnotes upon. At six he went off singing, pinching the lady's foot\nthrough the bed-clothes as he went. The next day the same thing\nhappened, and the third day she locked herself in, and prevented her\nmaid from finding the key. In vain--the unwelcome visitor fetched a\nmaster-key. As a last resource, she wheedled her husband, General\nJunot, into breaking orders and spending the night with her; and the\nnext day (June 22) Bonaparte came in to proclaim the hunting morning,\nbut by her side found his old comrade of Toulon, fast asleep. The\nlatter dreamily but good-humouredly asked, \"Why, General, what are you\ndoing in a lady's chamber at this hour?\" and the former replied, \"I\ncame to awake Madame Junot for the chase, but I find her provided with\nan alarum still earlier than myself. I might scold, for you are\ncontraband here, M. Junot.\" He then withdrew, after offering Junot a\nhorse for the hunt. The husband jumped up, exclaiming, \"Faith! that is\nan amiable man! What goodness! Instead of scolding, instead of sending\nme sneaking back to my duty in Paris! Confess, my Laura, that he is\nnot only an admirable being, but above the sphere of human nature.\"\nLaura, however, was still dubious. Later in the day she was taken to\ntask by the First Consul, who was astounded when she told him that his\naction might compromise her. \"I shall never forget,\" she says,\n\"Napoleon's expression of countenance at this moment; it displayed a\nrapid succession of emotions, none of them evil.\" Josephine heard of\nthe affair, and was jealous for some little time to come.\n\n_General Ney._--Bonaparte had instructed Josephine to find him a nice\nwife, and she had chosen Mlle. Aglae-Louise Auguie, the intimate\nfriend and schoolfellow of Hortense, and daughter of a former\nReceveur-General des Finances. To the latter Ney goes fortified with a\ncharming letter from Josephine, dated May 30--the month which the\n_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ has erroneously given for that of the\nmarriage, which seems to have taken place at the end of July\n(_Biographie Universelle, Michaud_, vol. xxx.). Napoleon (who stood\ngodfather to all the children of his generals) and Hortense were\nsponsors for the firstborn of this union, Napoleon Joseph, born May 8,\n1803. The Duchess d'Abrantes describes her first meeting with Madame\nNey at the Boulogne fete of August 15, 1802. Her simplicity and\ntimidity \"were the more attractive inasmuch as they formed a contrast\nto most of the ladies by whom she was surrounded at the court of\nFrance.... The softness and benevolence of Madame Ney's smile,\ntogether with the intelligent expression of her large dark eyes,\nrendered her a very beautiful woman, and her lively manners and\naccomplishments enhanced her personal graces\" (vol. iii. 31). The\nbrave way in which she bore her husband's execution won the admiration\nof Napoleon, who at St. Helena coupled her with Mdme. de Lavalette and\nMdme. Labedoyere.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [51] She was, however, no mere amateur, and knew, says Mlle.\n       d'Avrillon, the names of all her plants, the family to which\n       they belonged, their native soil, and special properties.\n\n  [52] _Rueil, le chateau de Richelieu et la Malmaison_, by Jacquin and\n       Duesberg, p. 130; in Aubenas' _Josephine_, vol. i.\n\n  [53] Lucien declares that Napoleon said to his wife, in his presence\n       and that of Joseph, \"Imitate Livia, and you will find me\n       Augustus.\"--(Jung, vol. ii. 206.) Lucien evidently suspects an\n       occult sinister allusion here, but Napoleon is only alluding to\n       the succession devolving on the first child of their joint\n       families. Lucien refused Hortense, but Louis was more amenable\n       to his brother's wishes. On her triumphal entry into Muehlberg\n       (November 1805), the Empress reads on a column a hundred feet\n       high--\"Josephinae, Galliarum Augustae.\"\n\n  [54] Made Grand Huntsman in 1804.\n\n  [55] An anachronism; he was at this time First Consul.\n\n  [56] An euphuistic way of saying he could not learn longer ones. In\n       war time Napoleon had to insist on Eugene keeping his letters\n       with him and constantly re-reading them.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES E",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_Madame._--Napoleon became Emperor on May 18th, and this was the first\nletter to his wife since Imperial etiquette had become _de rigueur_,\nand the first letter to Josephine signed Napoleon. Meneval gives a\nsomewhat amusing description of the fine gradations of instructions he\nreceived on this head from his master. This would seem to be a reason\nfor this uncommon form of salutation; but, _per contra_, Las Cases\n(vol. i. 276) mentions some so-called letters beginning _Madame et\nchere epouse_, which Napoleon declares to be spurious.\n\n_Pont de Bricques_, a little village about a mile from Boulogne. On\nhis first visit to the latter he was met by a deputation of farmers,\nof whom one read out the following address: \"General, here we are,\ntwenty farmers, and we offer you a score of big, sturdy lads, who are,\nand always shall be, at your service. Take them along with you,\nGeneral; they will help you to give England a good thrashing. As for\nourselves, we have another duty to fulfil: with our arms we will till\nthe ground, so that bread be not wanting to the brave fellows who are\ndestined to destroy the English.\" Napoleon thanked the honest yeomen,\nand determined to make the only habitable dwelling there his\nheadquarters. The place is called from the foundations of bricks found\nthere--the remains of one of Caesar's camps.\n\n_The wind having considerably freshened._--Constant tells a good story\nof the Emperor's obstinacy, but also of his bravery, a few days later.\nNapoleon had ordered a review of his ships, which Admiral Bruix had\nignored, seeing a storm imminent. Napoleon sends off Bruix to Holland\nin disgrace, and orders the review to take place; but when, amid the\nwild storm, he sees \"more than twenty gunboats run aground,\" and no\nsuccour vouchsafed to the drowning men, he springs into the nearest\nlifeboat, crying, \"We must save them somehow.\" A wave breaks over the\nboat; he is drenched and nearly carried overboard, losing the hat he\nhad worn at Marengo. Such pluck begets enthusiasm; but, in spite of\nall they could do, two hundred lives were lost. This is Constant's\nversion; probably his loss is exaggerated. The Emperor, writing\nTalleyrand on August 1st, speaks only of three or four ships lost, and\n\"une quinzaine d'hommes.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_The waters._--Mlle. d'Avrillon describes them and their effect--the\nsulphur baths giving erysipelas to people in poor health. Corvisart\nhad accompanied the Empress, to superintend their effect, which was as\nusual nil.\n\n_All the vexations._--Constant (vol. i. 230, &c., 1896) is of use to\nexplain what these were--having obtained possession of a diary of the\ntour by one of Josephine's ladies-in-waiting, which had fallen into\nNapoleon's hands. In the first place, the roads (where there were\nany[57]) were frightful, especially in the Ardennes forest, and the\ndiary for August 1st concludes by stating \"that some of the carriages\nwere so battered that they had to be bound together with ropes. One\nought not to expect women to travel about like a lot of dragoons.\" The\nwriter of the diary, however, preferred to stay in the carriage, and\nlet Josephine and the rest get wet feet, thinking the risk she ran the\nleast. Another vexation to Josephine was the published report of her\ngift to the Mayoress of Rheims of a malachite medallion set in\nbrilliants, and of her saying as she did so, \"It is the colour of\nHope.\" Although she had really used this expression, it was the last\nthing she would like to see in print, taking into consideration the\nreason for her yearly peregrinations to Plombieres, and now to Aix,\nand their invariable inefficiency. Under the date August 14th, the\nwriter of the diary gives a severe criticism of Josephine. \"She is\nexactly like a ten-year-old child--good-natured, frivolous,\nimpressionable; in tears at one moment, and comforted the next.... She\nhas just wit enough not to be an utter idiot. Ignorant--as are most\nCreoles--she has learned nothing, or next to nothing, except by\nconversation; but, having passed her life in good society, she has got\ngood manners, grace, and a mastery of that sort of jargon which, in\nsociety, sometimes passes for wit. Social events constitute the canvas\nwhich she embroiders, which she arranges, and which give her a subject\nfor conversation. She is witty for quite a whole quarter of an hour\nevery day.... Her diffidence is charming ... her temper very sweet and\neven; it is impossible not to be fond of her. I fear that ... this\nneed of unbosoming, of communicating all her thoughts and impressions,\nof telling all that passes between herself and the Emperor, keeps the\nlatter from taking her into his confidence.... She told me this\nmorning that, during all the years she had spent with him, never once\nhad she seen him let himself go.\"\n\n_Eugene has started for Blois_, where he became the head of the\nelectoral college of Loir et Cher, having just been made Colonel-General\nof the Chasseurs by Napoleon. The Beauharnais family were originally\nnatives of Blois.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_Aix-la-Chapelle._--In this, the first Imperial pilgrimage to take the\nwaters, great preparations had been made, forty-seven horses bought at\nan average cost of L60 apiece; and eight carriages, which are not dear\nat L1000 for the lot, with L400 additional for harness and fittings.\n\nAt Aix they had fox-hunting and hare-coursing so called, but probably\nthe final tragedy was consummated with a gun. Lord Rosebery reminds us\nthat at St. Helena the Emperor actually shot a cow! They explored coal\nmines, and examined all the local manufactories, including the relics\nof Charlemagne--of which great warrior and statesman Josephine refused\nan arm, as having a still more puissant one ever at hand for her\nprotection.\n\nWhen tidings come that the Emperor will arrive on September 2, and\nprolong their stay from Paris, there is general lamentation among\nJosephine's womenkind, especially on the part of that perennial wet\nblanket and busybody, Madame de Larochefoucauld, who will make herself\na still greater nuisance at Mayence two years later.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_During the past week._--As a matter of fact he only reached Ostend on\nApril 12th from Boulogne, having left Dunkirk on the 11th.\n\n_The day after to-morrow._--This fete was the distribution of the\nLegion of Honour at Boulogne and a review of 80,000 men. The\ndecorations were enshrined in the helmet of Bertrand du Guesclin,\nwhich in its turn was supported on the shield of the Chevalier\nBayard.\n\n_Hortense_ arrived at Boulogne, with her son, and the Prince and\nPrincess Murat, a few days later, and saw the Emperor. Josephine\nreceived a letter from Hortense soon after Napoleon joined her\n(September 2nd), to which she replied on September 8th. \"The Emperor\nhas read your letter; he has been rather vexed not to hear from you\noccasionally. He would not doubt your kind heart if he knew it as well\nas I, but appearances are against you. Since he can think you are\nneglecting him, lose no time in repairing the wrongs which are not\nreal,\" for \"Bonaparte loves you like his own child, which adds much to\nmy affection for him.\"\n\n_I am very well satisfied ... with the flotillas._--The descent upon\nEngland was to have taken place in September, when the death of\nAdmiral Latouche-Treville at Toulon, August 19th, altered all\nNapoleon's plans. Just about this time also _Fulton_ submitted his\nsteamship invention to Bonaparte. The latter, however, had recently\nbeen heavily mulcted in other valueless discoveries, and refers Fulton\nto the savants of the Institute, who report it chimerical and\nimpracticable. The fate of England probably lay in the balance at this\nmoment, more than in 1588 or 1798.\n\nNapoleon and Josephine leave Aix for Cologne on September 12, and it\nis now the ladies' turn to institute a hunt--the \"real chamois hunt\";\nfor each country inn swarms with this pestilence that walketh in\ndarkness, and which, alas! is no respecter of persons.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "Two points are noteworthy in this letter--(1) that like No. 1 of this\nseries (see note thereto) it commences _Madame and dear Wife_; and (2)\nit is signed Bonaparte and not Napoleon, which somewhat militates\nagainst its authenticity.\n\n_Arras, August 29th._--Early on this day he had been at St. Cloud. On\nthe 30th he writes Cambaceres from Arras that he is \"satisfied with\nthe spirit of this department.\" On the same day he writes thence to\nthe King of Prussia and Fouche. To his Minister of Police he writes:\n\"That detestable journal, _Le Citoyen francais_, seems only to wish to\nwallow in blood. For eight days running we have been entertained with\nnothing but the Saint Bartholomew. Who on earth is the editor\n(_redacteur_) of this paper? With what gusto this wretch relishes the\ncrimes and misfortunes of our fathers! My intention is that you should\nput a stop to it. Have the editor (_directeur_) of this paper changed,\nor suppress it.\" On Friday he is at Mons (writing interesting letters\nrespecting the removal of church ruins), and reaches his wife on the\nSunday (September 2nd) as his letter foreshadowed.\n\n_I am rather impatient to see you._--The past few months had been an\nanxious time for Josephine. Talleyrand (who, having insulted her in\n1799, thought her his enemy) was scheming for her divorce, and wished\nNapoleon to marry the Princess Wilhelmina of Baden, and thus cement an\nalliance with Bavaria and Russia (Constant, vol. i. 240). The\nBonaparte family were very anxious that Josephine should not be\ncrowned. Napoleon had too great a contempt for the weaknesses of\naverage human nature to expect much honesty from Talleyrand. But he\nwas not as yet case-hardened to ingratitude, and was always highly\nsensitive to caricature and hostile criticism. Talleyrand had been the\nmain cause of the death of the Duc d'Enghien, and was now trying to\nshow that he had wished to prevent it; but possibly the crowning\noffence was contained in a lady's diary, that fell into the emperor's\nhands, where Talleyrand is said to have called his master \"a regular\nlittle Nero\" in his system of espionage. The diary in question is in\nConstant's \"Memoirs,\" vol. i., and this letter helps to fix the error\nin the dates, probably caused by confusion between the Revolutionary\nand Gregorian Calendars.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_T._--This may be Talleyrand, whom Mdme. de Remusat in a letter to her\nhusband (September 21st) at Aix, hinted to be on bad terms with the\nEmperor--a fact confirmed and explained by Meneval. It may also have\nbeen Tallien, who returned to France in 1802, where he had been\ndivorced from his unfaithful wife.\n\n_B._--Doubtlessly Bourrienne, who was in disgrace with Napoleon, and\nwho was always trying to impose on Josephine's good nature. No sooner\nhad Napoleon left for Boulogne on July 14th than his former secretary\ninflicts himself on the wife at Malmaison.\n\nNapoleon joins Josephine at St. Cloud on or before October 13th, where\npreparations are already being made for the Coronation by the\nPope--the first ceremony of the kind for eight centuries.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [57] The Emperor had himself planned the Itinerary, and had mistaken a\n       projected road for a completed one, between Rethel and Marche.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES F",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_To Josephine._--She was at Plombieres from August 2 to September 10,\nbut no letter is available for the period, neither to Hortense nor\nfrom Napoleon.\n\n_Strasburg._--She is in the former Episcopal Palace, at the foot of\nthe cathedral.\n\n_Stuttgard._--He is driven over from Ludwigsburg on October 4th, and\nhears the German opera of \"Don Juan.\"\n\n_I am well placed._--On the same day Napoleon writes his brother\nJoseph that he has already won two great victories--(1) by having no\nsick or deserters, but many new conscripts; and (2) because the\nBadenese army and those of Bavaria and Wurtemberg had joined him, and\nall Germany well disposed.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Louisburg._--Ludwigsburg.\n\n_In a few days._--To Talleyrand he wrote from Strasburg on September\n27: \"Within a fortnight we shall see several things.\"\n\n_A new bride._--This letter, in the collection of his Correspondence\nordered by Napoleon III., concludes at this point.\n\n_Electress._--The Princess Charlotte-Auguste-Mathilde (1766-1828),\ndaughter of George III., our Princess Royal, who married Frederick I.\nNapoleon says she is \"not well treated by the Elector, to whom,\nnevertheless, she seems much attached\" (Brotonne, No. 111). She was\nequally pleased with Napoleon, and wrote home how astonished she was\nto find him so polite and agreeable a person.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_I have assisted at a marriage._--The bride was the Princess of\nSaxe-Hildburghhausen, who was marrying the second son of the Elector.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "Written at Augsburg. On October 15th he reaches the abbey of\nElchingen, which is situated on a height, from whence a wide view is\nobtained, and establishes his headquarters there.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_Spent the whole of to-day indoors._--This is also mentioned in his\nSeventh Bulletin (dated the same day), which adds, \"But repose is not\ncompatible with the direction of this immense army.\"\n\n_Vicenza._--Massena did not, however, reach this place till November\n3rd. The French editions have _Vienna_, but _Vicenza_ is evidently\nmeant.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "He is still at Elchingen, but at Augsburg the next day. On the 21st he\nissues a decree to his army that Vendemiaire,[58] of which this was\nthe last day but one, should be counted as a campaign for pensions and\nmilitary services.\n\n_Elchingen._--Meneval speaks of this village \"rising in an amphitheatre\nabove the Danube, surrounded by walled gardens, and houses rising one\nabove the other.\" From it Napoleon saw the city of Ulm below,\ncommanded by his cannon. Marshal Ney won his title of Duke of Elchingen\nby capturing it on October 14th, and fully deserved it. The Emperor\nused to leave the abbey every morning to go to the camp before Ulm,\nwhere he used to spend the day, and sometimes the night. The rain\nwas so heavy that, until a plank was found, Napoleon sat in a tent\nwith his feet in water (Savary, vol. ii. 196).\n\n_Such a catastrophe._--At Ulm General Mack, with eight field-marshals,\nseven lieutenant-generals, and 33,000 men surrender. Napoleon had\ndespised Mack even in 1800, when he told Bourrienne at Malmaison,\n\"Mack is a man of the lowest mediocrity I ever saw in my life; he is\nfull of self-sufficiency and conceit, and believes himself equal to\nanything. He has no talent. I should like to see him some day opposed\nto one of our good generals; we should then see fine work. He is a\nboaster, and that is all. He is really one of the most silly men\nexisting, and besides all that, he is unlucky\" (vol. i. 304). Napoleon\nstipulated for Mack's life in one of the articles of the Treaty of\nPresburg.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "_Munich._--Napoleon arrived here on October 24th.\n\n_Lemarois._--A trusty aide-de-camp, who had witnessed Napoleon's civil\nmarriage in March 1796, at 10 P.M.\n\n_I was grieved._--They had no news from October 12th to 21st in Paris,\nwhere they learnt daily that Strasburg was in the same predicament.\nMdme. de Remusat, at Paris, was equally anxious, and such women, in\nthe Emperor's absence, tended by their presence or even by their\ncorrespondence to increase the alarms of Josephine.\n\n_Amuse yourself._--M. Masson (_Josephine, Imperatrice et Reine_, p.\n424) has an interesting note of how she used to attend lodge at the\nOrient in Strasburg, to preside at a \"loge d'adoption sous la\ndirection de Madame de Dietrich, grand maitresse titulaire.\"\n\n_Talleyrand has come._--He was urgently needed to help in the\ncorrespondence with the King of Prussia (concerning the French\nviolation of his Anspach territory), with whom Napoleon's relations\nwere becoming more strained.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "_We are always in forests._--Baron Lejeune, with his artist's eye,\ndescribes his impressions of the Amstetten forest as he travelled\nthrough it with Murat the following morning (November 4th). \"Those\nof us who came from the south of Europe had never before realised\nhow beautiful Nature can be in the winter. In this particular\ninstance everything was robed in the most gleaming attire; the\nsilvery rime softening the rich colours of the decaying oak leaves,\nand the sombre vegetation of the pines. The frozen drapery, combined\nwith the mist, in which everything was more or less enveloped, gave\na soft, mysterious charm to the surrounding objects, producing a\nmost beautiful picture. Lit up by the sunshine, thousands of long\nicicles, such as those which sometimes droop from our fountains and\nwater-wheels, hung like shining lustres from the trees. Never did\nball-room shine with so many diamonds; the long branches of the\noaks, pines, and other forest trees were weighed down by the\nmasses of hoar-frost, while the snow converted their summits into\nrounded roofs, forming beneath them grottoes resembling those of the\nPyrenean mountains, with their shining stalactites and graceful\ncolumns\" (vol. i. 24).\n\n_My enemies._--Later in the day Napoleon writes from Lambach to the\nEmperor of Austria a pacific letter, which contains the paragraph, \"My\nambition is wholly concentrated on the re-establishment of my commerce\nand of my marine, and England grievously opposes itself to both.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "Napoleon took up his abode at the palace of Schoenbrunn on the 14th,\nand proves his \"two-o'clock-in-the-morning courage\" by passing through\nVienna at that time the following morning.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "_They owe everything to you._--Aubenas quotes this, and remarks (vol.\nii. 326): \"No one had pride in France more than Napoleon, stronger\neven than his conviction of her superiority in the presence of other\ncontemporary sovereigns and courts. He wishes that in Germany, where\nshe will meet families with all the pride and sometimes all the\nhaughtiness of their ancestry, Josephine will not forget that she is\nEmpress of the French, superior to those who are about to receive her,\nand who owe full respect and homage to her.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "_Austerlitz._--Never was a victory more needful; but never was the\nEmperor more confident. Savary says that it would take a volume to\ncontain all that emanated from his mind during that twenty-four hours\n(December 1-2). Nor was it confined to military considerations.\nGeneral Segur describes how he spent his evening meal with his\nmarshals, discussing with Junot the last new tragedy (_Les Templiers_,\nby Raynouard), and from it to Racine, Corneille, and the fatalism of\nour ancestors.\n\n_December 2nd_ was a veritable Black Monday for the Coalition in\ngeneral, and for Russia in particular, where Monday is always looked\nupon as an unlucky day. Their forebodings increased when, on the eve\nof the battle, the Emperor Alexander was thrown from his horse\n(Czartoriski, vol. ii. 106).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "_A long time since I had news of you._--Josephine was always a bad\ncorrespondent, but at this juncture was reading that stilted but\nsensational romance--\"Caleb Williams;\" or hearing the \"Achilles\" of\nPaer, or the \"Romeo and Juliet\" of Zingarelli in the intervals of her\nimperial progress through Germany. M. Masson, not often too indulgent\nto Josephine, thinks her conduct excusable at this period--paying and\nreceiving visits, dressing and redressing, always in gala costume, and\nwithout a moment's solitude.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "_I await events._--A phrase usually attributed to Talleyrand in\n1815. However, the Treaty of Presburg was soon signed (December\n2nd), and the same day Napoleon met the Archduke Charles at\nStamersdorf, a meeting arranged from mutual esteem. Napoleon had\nan unswerving admiration for this past and future foe, and said to\nMadame d'Abrantes, \"That man has a soul, a golden heart.\"[59]\nNapoleon, however, did not wish to discuss politics, and only\narranged for an interview of two hours, \"one of which,\" he wrote\nTalleyrand, \"will be employed in dining, the other in talking war and\nin mutual protestations.\"\n\n_I, for my part, am sufficiently busy._--No part of Napoleon's career\nis more wonderful than the way in which he conducts the affairs of\nFrance and of Europe from a hostile capital. This was his first\nexperience of the kind, and perhaps the easiest, although Prussian\ndiplomacy had needed very delicate and astute handling. But when\nNapoleon determined, without even consulting his wife, to cement\npolitical alliances by matrimonial ones with his and her relatives, he\nwas treading on somewhat new and difficult ground. First and foremost,\nhe wanted a princess for his ideal young man, Josephine's son Eugene,\nand he preferred Auguste, the daughter of the King of Bavaria, to the\noffered Austrian Archduchess. But the young Hereditary Prince of Baden\nwas in love and accepted by his beautiful cousin Auguste; so, to\ncompensate him for his loss, the handsome and vivacious Stephanie\nBeauharnais, fresh from Madame Campan's finishing touches, was sent\nfor. For his brother Jerome a bride is found by Napoleon in the\ndaughter of the King of Wurtemberg. Baden, Bavaria, and Wurtemberg\nwere too much indebted to France for the spoils they were getting from\nAustria to object, provided the ladies and their mammas were\nagreeable; but the conqueror of Austerlitz found this part the most\ndifficult, and had to be so attentive to the Queen of Bavaria that\nJosephine was jealous. However, all the matches came off, and still\nmore remarkable, all turned out happily, a fact which certainly\nredounds to Napoleon's credit as a match-maker.\n\nOn December 31st, at 1.45 A.M., he entered Munich by torchlight and\nunder a triumphal arch. His chamberlain, M. de Thiard, assured him\nthat if he left Munich the marriage with Eugene would fall through,\nand he agrees to stay, although he declared that his absence, which\naccentuated the Bank crisis, is costing him 1,500,000 francs a day.\nThe marriage took place on January 14th, four days after Eugene\narrived at Munich and three days after that young Bayard had been\nbereft of his cherished moustache. Henceforth the bridegroom is called\n\"Mon fils\" in Napoleon's correspondence, and in the contract of\nmarriage Napoleon-Eugene de France. The Emperor and Empress reached\nthe Tuileries on January 27th. The marriage of Stephanie was even more\ndifficult to manage, for, as St. Amand points out, the Prince of Baden\nhad for brothers-in-law the Emperor of Russia, the King of Sweden, and\nthe King of Bavaria--two of whom at least were friends of England.\nJosephine had once an uncle-in-law, the Count Beauharnais, whose wife\nFanny was a well-known literary character of the time, but of whom the\npoet Lebrun made the epigram--\n\n  \"Elle fait son visage, et ne fait pas ses vers.\"\n\nStephanie was the grand-daughter of this couple, and as Grand-Duchess\nof Baden was beloved and respected, and lived on until 1860.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [58] The first month of the Republican calendar.\n\n  [59] Memoirs, vol. ii. 165.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES G",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "Napoleon left St. Cloud with Josephine on September 25th, and had\nreached Mayence on the 28th, where his Foot Guard were awaiting him.\nHe left Mayence on October 1st, and reached Wuerzburg the next day,\nwhence this letter was written, just before starting for Bamberg.\nJosephine was installed in the Teutonic palace at Mayence.\n\n_Princess of Baden_, Stephanie Beauharnais. (For her marriage, see\nnote, end of Series F.)\n\n_Hortense_ was by no means happy with her husband at the best of\ntimes, and she cordially hated Holland. She was said to be very\nfrightened of Napoleon, but (like most people) could easily influence\nher mother. Napoleon's letter to her of this date (October 5th) is\ncertainly not a severe one:--\"I have received yours of September 14th.\nI am sending to the Chief Justice in order to accord pardon to the\nindividual in whom you are interested. Your news always gives me\npleasure. I trust you will keep well, and never doubt my great\nfriendship for you.\"\n\n_The Grand Duke_, _i.e._ of Wuerzburg. The castle where Napoleon\nwas staying seemed to him sufficiently strong to be armed and\nprovisioned, and he made a great depot in the city. \"Volumes,\" says\nMeneval, \"would not suffice to describe the multitude of his\nmilitary and administrative measures here, and the precautions which\nhe took against even the most improbable hazards of war.\"\n\n_Florence._--Probably September 1796, when Napoleon was hard pressed,\nand Josephine had to fetch a compass from Verona to regain Milan, and\nthus evade Wurmser's troops.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Bamberg._--Arriving at Bamberg on the 6th, Napoleon issued a\nproclamation to his army which concluded--\"Let the Prussian army\nexperience the same fate that it experienced fourteen years ago. Let\nit learn that, if it is easy to acquire increase of territory and\npower by means of the friendship of the great people, their enmity,\nwhich can be provoked only by the abandonment of all spirit of wisdom\nand sense, is more terrible than the tempests of the ocean.\"\n\n_Eugene._--Napoleon wrote him on the 5th, and twice on the 7th, on\nwhich date we have _eighteen_ letters in the _Correspondence_.\n\n_Her husband._--The Hereditary Grand Duke of Baden, to whom Napoleon\nhad written from Mayence on September 30th, accepting his services,\nand fixing the rendezvous at Bamberg for October 4th or 5th.\n\nOn this day Napoleon invaded Prussian territory by entering Bayreuth,\nhaving preceded by one day the date of their ultimatum--a rhapsody of\ntwenty pages, which Napoleon in his First Bulletin compares to \"one of\nthose which the English Cabinet pay their literary men L500 per annum\nto write.\" It is in this Bulletin where he describes the Queen of\nPrussia (dressed as an Amazon, in the uniform of her regiment of\ndragoons, and writing twenty letters a day) to be like Armida in her\nfrenzy, setting fire to her own palace.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "By this time the Prussian army is already in a tight corner, with its\nback on the Rhine, which, as Napoleon says in his Third Bulletin\nwritten on this day, is \"_assez bizarre_, from which very important\nevents should ensue.\" On the previous day he concludes a letter to\nTalleyrand--\"One cannot conceive how the Duke of Brunswick, to whom\none allows some talent, can direct the operations of this army in so\nridiculous a manner.\"\n\n_Erfurt._--Here endless discussions, but, as Napoleon says in his\nbulletin of this day--\"Consternation is at Erfurt, ... but while they\ndeliberate, the French army is marching.... Still the wishes of the\nKing of Prussia have been executed; he wished that by October 8th the\nFrench army should have evacuated the territory of the Confederation\nwhich _has_ been evacuated, but in place of repassing the Rhine, it\nhas passed the Saal.\"\n\n_If she wants to see a battle._--_Queen Louise_, great-grandmother of\nthe present Emperor William, and in 1806 aged thirty. St. Amand says\nthat \"when she rode on horseback before her troops, with her helmet of\npolished steel, shaded by a plume, her gleaming golden cuirass, her\ntunic of cloth of silver, her red buskins with golden spurs,\" she\nresembled, as the bulletin said, one of the heroines of Tasso. She\nhated France, and especially Napoleon, as the child of the French\nRevolution.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_I nearly captured him and the Queen._--They escaped only by an hour,\nNapoleon writes Berthier. Blucher aided their escape by telling a\nFrench General about an imaginary armistice, which the latter was\nseverely reprimanded by Napoleon for believing.\n\nNo battle was more beautifully worked out than the battle of\nJena--Davoust performing specially well his move in the combinations\nby which the Prussian army was hopelessly entangled, as Mack at Ulm a\nyear before. Bernadotte alone, and as usual, gave cause for\ndissatisfaction. He had a personal hatred for his chief, caused by the\nknowledge that his wife (Desiree Clary) had never ceased to regret\nthat she had missed her opportunity of being the wife of Napoleon.\nBernadotte, therefore, was loth to give initial impetus to the\nvictories of the French Emperor, though, when success was no longer\ndoubtful, he would prove that it was not want of capacity but want of\nwill that had kept him back. He was the Talleyrand of the camp, and\nhad an equal aptitude for fishing in troubled waters.\n\n_I have bivouacked._--Whether the issue of a battle was decisive,\nor, as at Eylau, only partially so, Napoleon never shunned the\ndisagreeable part of battle--the tending of the wounded and the\nburial of the dead. Savary tells us that at Jena, as at Austerlitz,\nthe Emperor rode round the field of battle, alighting from his horse\nwith a little brandy flask (constantly refilled), putting his hand\nto each unconscious soldier's breast, and when he found unexpected\nlife, giving way to a joy \"impossible to describe\" (vol. ii. 184).\nMeneval also speaks of his performing this \"pious duty, in the\nfulfilment of which nothing was allowed to stand in his way.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_Fatigues, bivouacs ... have made me fat._--The Austerlitz campaign\nhad the same effect. See a remarkable letter to Count Miot de Melito\non January 30th, 1806: \"The campaign I have just terminated, the\nmovement, the excitement have made me stout. I believe that if all the\nkings of Europe were to coalesce against me I should have a ridiculous\npaunch.\" And it was so!\n\n_The great M. Napoleon_, aged four, and the younger, aged two, are\nwith Hortense and their grandmother at Mayence, where a Court had\nassembled, including most of the wives of Napoleon's generals, burning\nfor news. A look-out had been placed by the Empress some two miles on\nthe main-road beyond Mayence, whence sight of a courier was signalled\nin advance.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_Potsdam._--As a reward for Auerstadt, Napoleon orders Davoust and his\nfamous Third Corps to be the first to enter Berlin the following day.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "Written from Berlin, where he is from October 28th to November 25th.\n\n_You do nothing but cry._--Josephine spent her evenings gauging\nfuturity with a card-pack, and although it announced Jena and\nAuerstadt before the messenger, it may possibly, thinks M. Masson,\nhave been less propitious for the future--and behind all was the\nsinister portion of the spae-wife's prophecy still unfulfilled.\n\n\nNo. 9A.\n\n_Madame Tallien_ had been in her time, especially in the years\n1795-99, one of the most beautiful and witty women in France. Madame\nd'Abrantes calls her the Venus of the Capitol; and Lucien Bonaparte\nspeaks of the court of the voluptuous Director, Barras, where the\nbeautiful Tallien was the veritable Calypso. The people, however,\ncould not forget her second husband, Tallien, from whom she was\ndivorced in 1802 (having had three children born while he was in\nEgypt, 1798-1802); and whilst they called Josephine \"Notre Dame des\nVictoires,\" they called Madame Tallien \"Notre Dame de Septembre.\"\n\nThe latter was, however, celebrated both for her beauty and her\nintrigues;[60] and when, in 1799, Bonaparte seized supreme power the\nfair lady[61] invaded Barras in his bath to inform him of it; but\nfound her indolent Ulysses only capable of ejaculating, \"What can be\ndone? that man has taken us all in!\" Napoleon probably remembered\nthis, and may refer to her rather than to the Queen of Prussia in the\nnext letter, where he makes severe strictures on intriguing women.\nMoreover, Napoleon in his early campaigns had played a ridiculous part\nin some of Gillray's most indecent cartoons, where Mmes. Tallien and\nJosephine took with Barras the leading roles; and as Madame Tallien\nwas not considered respectable in 1796, she was hardly a fit friend\nfor the Empress of the French ten years later. In the interval this\nlady, divorced a second time, had married the Prince de Chimay\n(Caraman). Napoleon knew also that she had been the mistress of\nOuvrard, the banker, who in his Spanish speculations a few months\nearlier had involved the Bank of France to the tune of four millions\nsterling, and forced Napoleon to make a premature peace after\nAusterlitz. The Emperor had returned at white heat to Paris, and\nwished he could build a gallows for Ouvrard high enough for him to be\non view throughout France. Madame Tallien's own father, M. de\nCabarrus, was a French banker in Spain, and probably in close relation\nwith Ouvrard.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "Written from Berlin.\n\n_The bad things I say about women._--Napoleon looked upon this as a\nwoman's war, and his temper occasionally gets the mastery of him. No\nwar had ever been so distasteful to him or so personal. Prussia, whose\nalliance he had been courting for nearly ten years, was now worthless\nto him, and all because of petticoat government at Berlin. In the\nFifteenth Bulletin (dated Wittenburg, October 23rd) he states that\nthe Queen had accused her husband of cowardice in order to bring about\nthe war. But it is doubtless the Sixteenth Bulletin (dated Potsdam,\nOctober 25th) to which Josephine refers, and which refers to the oath\nof alliance of the Emperor Alexander and the King of Prussia in the\ndeath chamber of Frederick the Great. \"It is from this moment that the\nQueen quitted the care of her domestic concerns and the serious\noccupations of the toilet in order to meddle with the affairs of\nState.\" He refers to a Berlin caricature of the scene which was at the\ntime in all the shops, \"exciting even the laughter of clodhoppers.\"\nThe handsome Emperor of Russia was portrayed, by his side the Queen,\nand on his other side the King of Prussia with his hand raised above\nthe tomb of the Great Frederick; the Queen herself, draped in a shawl\nnearly as the London engravings represent Lady Hamilton, pressing her\nhand on her heart, and apparently gazing upon the Emperor of Russia.\"\nIn the Eighteenth Bulletin (October 26th) it is said the Prussian\npeople did not want war, that a handful of women and young officers\nhad alone made this \"tapage,\" and that the Queen, \"formerly a timid\nand modest woman looking after her domestic concerns,\" had become\nturbulent and warlike, and had \"conducted the monarchy within a few\ndays to the brink of the precipice.\"\n\nAs the Queen of Prussia was a beautiful woman, she has had nearly as\nmany partisans as Mary Stuart or Marie Antoinette, but with far less\ncause. Napoleon, who was the incarnation of practical common sense,\nsaw in her the first cause of the war, and considered that so far as\nverbal flagellation could punish her, she should have it. He had\nneither time nor sympathy for the \"Please you, do not hurt us\"\nattitude of a bellicose new woman, who, as Imogen or Ida, have played\nwith edged tools from the time of Shakespeare to that of Sullivan.\n\nAs an antidote, however, to his severe words against women he put,\nperhaps somewhat ostentatiously, the Princess d'Hatzfeld episode in\nhis Twenty-second Bulletin (Berlin, October 29th). A year later\n(November 26th, 1807), when his Old Guard return to Paris and free\nperformances are given at all the theatres, there is the \"Triumph of\nTrajan\" at the Opera, where Trajan, burning with his own hand the\npapers enclosing the secrets of a conspiracy, is a somewhat skilful\nallusion to the present episode.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "Magdeburg had surrendered on November 8th, with 20 generals, 800\nofficers and 22,000 men, 800 pieces of cannon, and immense stores.\n\n_Lubeck._--This capitulation was that of Blucher, who had escaped\nafter Jena through a rather dishonourable ruse. It had taken three\narmy corps to hem him in.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "Written from Berlin, but not included in the _Correspondence_.\n\n_Madame L----_, _i.e._ Madame de la Rochefoucauld, a third or fourth\ncousin (by her first marriage) of Josephine, and her chief lady of\nhonour. She was an incorrigible Royalist, and hated Napoleon; but as\nshe had been useful at the Tuileries in establishing the Court,\nNapoleon, as usual, could not make up his mind to cause her dismissal.\nIn 1806, however, she made Josephine miserable and Mayence unbearable.\nShe foretold that the Prussians would win every battle, and even after\nJena she (to use an expression of M. Masson), \"continued her music on\nthe sly\" (_en sourdine_). See Letters 19 and 26 of this Series.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "_December 2_, the anniversary of Austerlitz (1805) and of Napoleon's\ncoronation (1804). He now announces to his soldiers the Polish\ncampaign.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "Not in the _Correspondence_.\n\n_Jealousy._--If Josephine's letters and conduct had been a little more\nworthy of her position, she might have saved herself. Madame Walewski,\nwho had not yet appeared on the scene.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "_Desir de femme est un feu qui devore._--The quotation is given in\nJung's \"Memoirs of Lucien\" (vol. ii. 62). \"Ce qu'une femme desire est\nun feu qui consume, celui d'une reine un vulcan qui devore.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 23.",
    "body": "_I am dependent on events._--He says the same at St. Helena.\n\"Throughout my whole reign I was the keystone of an edifice entirely\nnew, and resting on the most slender foundations. Its duration\ndepended on the issue of my battles. I was never, in truth, master of\nmy own movements; I was never at my own disposal.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 26.",
    "body": "_The fair ones of Great Poland._--If Berthier and other regular\ncorrespondents of Josephine were like Savary in their enthusiasm, no\nwonder the Mayence coterie began to stir up jealousy. Here is the\ndescription of the Duke of Rovigo (vol. ii. 17): \"The stay at Warsaw\nhad for us something of witchery; even with regard to amusements it\nwas practically the same life as at Paris: the Emperor had his concert\ntwice a week, at the end of which he held a reception, where many of\nthe leading people met. A great number of ladies from the best\nfamilies were admired alike for the brilliancy of their beauty, and\nfor their wonderful amiability. One may rightly say that the Polish\nladies inspired with jealousy the charming women of every other\ncivilised clime. They united, for the most part, to the manners of\ngood society a fund of information which is not commonly found even\namong Frenchwomen, and is very far above anything we see in towns,\nwhere the custom of meeting in public has become a necessity. It\nseemed to us that the Polish ladies, compelled to spend the greater\npart of the year in their country-houses, applied themselves there to\nreading as well as to the cultivation of their talents, and it was\nthus that in the chief towns, where they went to pass the winter, they\nappeared successful over all their rivals.\" St. Amand says: \"In the\nintoxication of their enthusiasm and admiration, the most beautiful\namong them--and Poland is the country of beauty--lavished on him,\nlike sirens, their most seducing smiles....\" Josephine was right to be\njealous, for, as the artist Baron Lejeune adds, \"They were, moreover,\nas graceful as the Creole women so often are.\"\n\n_A wretched barn_, reached over still more wretched roads. The Emperor\nand his horse had nearly been lost in the mud, and Marshal Duroc had a\nshoulder put out by his carriage being upset.\n\n_Such things become common property._--So was another event, much to\nJosephine's chagrin. On this date Napoleon heard of a son (Leon) born\nto him by Eleanore, a former schoolfellow of Madame Murat. M. Masson\nthinks this event epoch-making in the life of Napoleon. \"Henceforth\nthe charm is broken, and the Emperor assured of having an heir of his\nown blood.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 27.",
    "body": "_Warsaw, January 3._--On his way from Pultusk on January 1, he had\nreceived a Polish ovation at Bronie, where he first met Madame\nWalewski. The whole story is well told by M. Masson in _Napoleon et\nles Femmes_; but here we must content ourselves with the mere facts,\nand first, for the sake of comparison, cite his love-letters to the\nlady in question:--(1.) \"I have seen only you, I have admired only\nyou, I desire only you. A very prompt answer to calm the impatient\nardour of N.\" (2.) \"Have I displeased you? I have still the right to\nhope the contrary. Have I been mistaken? Your eagerness diminishes,\nwhile mine augments. You take away my rest! Oh, give a little joy, a\nlittle happiness to a poor heart all ready to worship you. Is it so\ndifficult to get a reply? You owe me one.--N.\" (3.) \"There are moments\nwhen too high rank is a burden, and that is what I feel. How can I\nsatisfy the needs of a heart hopelessly in love, which would fling\nitself at your feet, and which finds itself stopped by the weight of\nlofty considerations paralysing the most lively desires? Oh, if you\nwould! Only you could remove the obstacles that lie between us. My\nfriend Duroc will clear the way. Oh, come! come! All your wishes shall\nbe gratified. Your native land will be dearer to me when you have had\npity on my poor heart,--N.\" (4.) \"Marie, my sweet Marie! My first\nthought is for you, my first desire to see you again. You will come\nagain, will you not? You promised me to do so. If not, the eagle will\nfly to you. I shall see you at dinner, a friend tells me. Deign, then,\nto accept this bouquet; let it become a mysterious link which shall\nestablish between us a secret union in the midst of the crowd\nsurrounding us. Exposed to the glances of the crowd, we shall still\nunderstand each other. When my hand presses my heart, you will know\nthat it is full of thoughts of you; and in answer you will press\ncloser your bouquet. Love me, my bonny Marie, and never let your hand\nleave your bouquet.--N.\" In this letter, in which he has substituted\n_tu_ for _vous_, there is more passion than we have seen since 1796.\nThe fair lady now leaves her decrepit old husband, nearly fifty years\nher senior, and takes up her abode in Finckenstein Castle, for nearly\ntwo months of the interval between Eylau and Friedland. \"In order,\"\nsays Pasquier, \"that nothing should be lacking to characterise the\ncalm state of his mind and the security of his position, it was soon\nknown that he had seen fit to enjoy a pleasurable relaxation by\ncalling to him a Polish gentlewoman of excellent birth, with whom he\nhad contracted a _liaison_ while passing through Warsaw, and who, as a\nconsequence of this journey, had the honour of bearing him a son.\"\nRepudiated by her husband, she came to Paris, where she was very\nkindly treated by Josephine, who, having once seen her, found in her\nno rival, but an enthusiastic patriot, \"sacrificed to Plutus,\" as\nNapoleon told Lucien at Mantua a few months later, adding that \"her\nsoul was as beautiful as her face.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 28.",
    "body": "_Be cheerful--gai._--This adjective is a favourite one in letters to\nhis wife, and dates from 1796.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 29.",
    "body": "_Roads unsafe and detestable._--The French troops used to say that the\nfour following words constituted the whole language of the Poles:\n_Kleba?_ _Niema._ _Vota?_ _Sara._ (\"Some bread? There is none. Some\nwater? We will go and fetch it.\") Napoleon one day passed by a\ncolumn of infantry suffering the greatest privations on account of the\nmud, which prevented the arrival of provisions. \"Papa, kleba?\"\nexclaimed a soldier. \"Niema,\" replied the Emperor. The whole column\nburst into a fit of laughter; they asked for nothing more. Baron\nLejeune, Constant, and Meneval have variants of the same story.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 35.",
    "body": "Written from Warsaw, and omitted from the _Correspondence_.\n\n_I hope that you are at Paris._--Madame Junot hints that her husband,\nas Governor of Paris, was being sounded by Bonaparte's sister, Murat's\nwife (with whom Junot was in love), if he would make Murat Napoleon's\nsuccessor, in lieu of Eugene, if the Emperor were killed. If Napoleon\nhad an inkling of this, he would wish Josephine to be on the spot.\n\n_T._--Is probably Tallien, who had misconducted himself in Egypt.\nMadame Junot met him at Madrid, but she and others had not forgotten\nthe September massacres. \"The wretch! how did he drag on his loathsome\nexistence?\" she exclaims.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 36.",
    "body": "_Paris._--Josephine arrived here January 31st; Queen Hortense going to\nthe Hague and the Princess Stephanie to Mannheim.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 38.",
    "body": "Probably written from Arensdorf, on the eve of the battle of Eylau\n(February 9th), on which day a great ball took place in Paris, given\nby the Minister of Marine.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 39.",
    "body": "_Eylau._--The battle of Preussich-Eylau was splendidly fought on both\nsides, but the Russian general, Beningsen, had all the luck. (1) His\nCossacks capture Napoleon's letter to Bernadotte, which enables him to\nescape all Napoleon's plans, which otherwise would have destroyed half\nthe Russian army. (2) A snowstorm in the middle of the day in the\nfaces of the French ruins Augereau's corps and saves the Russians\nfrom a total rout. (3) The arrival of a Prussian army corps, under\nGeneral Lestocq, robbed Davoust of his glorious victory on the right,\nand much of the ground gained--including the village of Kuschnitten.\n(4) The night came on just in time to save the rest of the Russian\narmy, and to prevent Ney taking any decisive part in the battle.\nBernadotte, as usual, failed to march to the sound of the guns, but,\nas Napoleon's orders to do so were captured by Cossacks, he might have\nhad an excuse rather better than usual, had not General Hautpoult,[62]\nin touch both with him and Napoleon, advised him of his own orders and\nan imminent battle. Under such circumstances, no general save the\nPrince of Ponte-Corvo, says Bignon, would have remained inactive, \"but\nit was the destiny of this marshal to have a role apart in all the\ngreat battles fought by the Emperor. His conduct was at least strange\nat Jena, it will not be less so, in 1809, at Wagram.\" The forces,\naccording to Matthieu Dumas (_Precis des Evenements Militaires_,\nvolume 18), were approximately 65,000 French against 80,000\nallies[63]--the latter in a strong chosen position. Napoleon saved\n1500, the wreckage of Augereau's[64] corps, that went astray in the\nblizzard (costing the French more than half their loss in the two\ndays' fight), by a charge of his Horse Guard, but his Foot Guard never\nfired a shot. The allies lost 5000 to 6000 dead and 20,000 wounded.\nNapoleon told Montholon that his loss at Eylau was 18,000, which\nprobably included 2000 dead, and 15,000 to 16,000 wounded and\nprisoners. As the French remained masters of the field of battle, the\nslightly wounded were evidently not counted by Napoleon, who in his\nbulletin gives 1900 dead and 5700 wounded. The list of wounded inmates\nof the hospital a month later, March 8th, totalled only 4600, which\nastonished Napoleon, who sent back for a recount. On receipt of this\nhe wrote Daru (March 15): \"From your advices to hand, I see we are\nnot far out of count. There were at the battle of Eylau 4000 or 5000\nwounded, and 1000 in the combats preceding the battle.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 40.",
    "body": "_Corbineau._--Mlle. d'Avrillon (vol. ii. 101) tells how, in haste to\njoin his regiment at Paris, Corbineau had asked for a seat in her\ncarriage from St. Cloud. She was delighted, as he was a charming man,\n\"with no side on like Lauriston and Lemarois.\" He had just been made\ngeneral, and said, \"Either I will get killed or deserve the favour\nwhich the Emperor has granted me. M'selle, you shall hear me spoken\nof; if I am not killed I will perform some startling deed.\"\n\n_Dahlmann._--General Nicholas Dahlmann, commanding the chasseurs of\nthe guard, was killed in the charge on the Russian infantry which\nsaved the battle. On April 22nd Napoleon wrote Vice-Admiral Decres to\nhave three frigates put on the stocks to be called Dahlmann,\nCorbineau, and Hautpoul, and in each captain's cabin a marble\ninscription recounting their brave deeds.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 41.",
    "body": "_Young Tascher._--The third of Josephine's cousins-germain of that\nname. He was afterwards aide-de-camp of Prince Eugene, and later\nmajor-domo of the Empress Eugenie.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 42.",
    "body": "After this letter St. Amand declares that Napoleon's letters to his\nwife become \"cold, short, banal, absolutely insignificant.\" \"They\nconsisted of a few remarks about the rain or the fine weather, and\nalways the same refrain--the invitation to be cheerful.... Napoleon,\noccupied elsewhere, wrote no longer to his legitimate wife, but as a\nduty, as paying a debt of conscience.\" He was occupied, indeed, but\nbarely as the author supposes. It is Bingham (vol. ii. 281) who\nreminds us that in the first three months of 1807 we have 1715 letters\nand despatches preserved of his work during that period, while he\noften rode forty leagues a day, and had instructed his librarian to\nsend him by each morning's courier two or three new books from Paris.\nAubenas is more just than St. Amand. \"If his style is no longer that\nof the First Consul, still less of the General of Italy, he was\nsolicitous, punctilious, attentive, affectionate even although\nlaconic, in that correspondence (with Josephine) which, in the midst\nof his much greater preoccupations, seems for him as much a pleasure\nas a duty.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 43.",
    "body": "_I am still at Eylau._--It took Napoleon and his army eight days to\nbury the dead and remove the wounded. Lejeune says, \"His whole time\nwas given up now to seeing that the wounded received proper care, and\nhe insisted on the Russians being as well treated as the French\" (vol.\ni. 48). The Emperor wrote Daru that if more surgeons had been on the\nspot he could have saved at least 200 lives; although, to look at the\nsurgical instruments used on these fields, and now preserved in the\nmuseum of Les Invalides, it is wonderful that the men survived\noperations with such ghastly implements of torture. A few days later\nNapoleon tells Daru on no account to begrudge money for medicines, and\nespecially for quinine.\n\n_This country is covered with dead and wounded._--\"Napoleon,\" says\nDumas (vol. i. 18, 41), \"having given order that the succour to the\nwounded on both sides might be multiplied, rode over the field of\nbattle, which all eye-witnesses agree to have been the most horrible\nfield of carnage which war has ever offered. In a space of less than a\nsquare league, the ground covered with snow, and the frozen lakes,\nwere heaped up with 10,000 dead, and 3000 to 4000 dead horses, debris\nof artillery, arms of all kinds, cannon-balls, and shells. Six\nthousand Russians, expiring of their wounds, and of hunger and thirst,\nwere left abandoned to the generosity of the conqueror.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 50.",
    "body": "_Osterode._--\"A wretched village, where I shall pass a considerable\ntime.\" Owing to the messenger to Bernadotte being captured by\nCossacks, the Emperor, if not surprised at Eylau on the second day,\nfound at least all his own intentions anticipated. He could not\nrisk the same misfortune again, and at Osterode all his army were\nwithin easy hailing distance, \"within two marches at most\" (Dumas).\nSavary speaks of him there, \"working, eating, giving audience, and\nsleeping--all in the same room,\" alone keeping head against the storm\nof his marshals, who wished him to retire across the Vistula. He\nremained over five weeks at Osterode, and more than two months at\nFinckenstein Castle, interesting himself in the affairs of Teheran\nand Monte Video, offering prizes for discoveries in electricity\nand medicine, giving advice as to the most scientific modes of\nteaching history and geography, while objecting to the creation of\npoet-laureates or Caesarians whose exaggerated praises would be sure to\nawaken the ridicule of the French people, even if it attained its\nobject of finding a place of emolument for poets. Bignon says\n(vol. vi. 227): \"From Osterode or from Finckenstein he supervised,\nas from Paris or St. Cloud, the needs of France; he sought means to\nalleviate the hindrances to commerce, discussed the best ways to\nencourage literature and art, corresponded with all his ministers,\nand while awaiting the renewal of the fray, having a war of\nfigures with his Chancellor of Exchequer.\"\n\n_It is not as good as the great city._--The day before he had written\nhis brother Joseph that neither his officers nor his staff had taken\ntheir clothes off for two months; that he had not taken his boots off\nfor a fortnight; that the wounded had to be moved 120 miles in\nsledges, in the open air; that bread was unprocurable; that the\nEmperor had been living for weeks upon potatoes, and the officers upon\nmere meat. \"After having destroyed the Prussian monarchy, we are\nfighting against the remnant of the Prussians, against Russians,\nCossacks, and Kalmucks, those roving tribes of the north, who formerly\ninvaded the Roman Empire.\"\n\n_I have ordered what you wish for Malmaison._--About this time he also\ngave orders for what afterwards became the Bourse and the Madeleine,\nand gave hints for a new journal (March 7th), whose \"criticism should\nbe enlightened, well-intentioned, impartial, and robbed of that\nnoxious brutality which characterises the discussions of existing\njournals, and which is so at variance with the true sentiments of the\nnation.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 54.",
    "body": "_Minerva._--In a letter of March 7th Josephine writes to Hortense: \"A\nfew days ago I saw a frightful accident at the Opera. The actress who\nrepresented Minerva in the ballet of 'Ulysses' fell twenty feet and\nbroke her arm. As she is poor, and has a family to support, I have\nsent her fifty louis.\" This was probably the ballet, \"The Return of\nUlysses,\" a subject given by Napoleon to Fouche as a suitable subject\nfor representation. In the same letter Josephine writes: \"All the\nprivate letters I have received agree in saying that the Emperor was\nvery much exposed at the battle of Eylau. I get news of him very\noften, sometimes two letters a day, but that does not replace him.\"\nThis special danger at Eylau is told by Las Cases, who heard it from\nBertrand. Napoleon was on foot, with only a few officers of his staff;\na column of four to five thousand Russians came almost in contact with\nhim. Berthier instantly ordered up the horses. The Emperor gave him a\nreproachful look; then sent orders to a battalion of his guard to\nadvance, which was a good way behind, and standing still. As the\nRussians advanced he repeated several times, \"What audacity, what\naudacity!\" At the sight of his Grenadiers of the Guard the Russians\nstopped short. It was high time for them to do so, as Bertrand said.\nThe Emperor had never stirred; all who surrounded him had been much\nalarmed.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 55.",
    "body": "\"It is the first and only time,\" says Aubenas, \"that, in these two\nvolumes of letters (_Collection Didot_), Napoleon says _vous_ to his\nwife. But his vexation does not last more than a few lines, and this\nshort letter ends, '_Tout a toi_.' Not content with this softening,\nand convinced how grieved Josephine will be at this language of cold\netiquette, he writes to her the same day, at ten o'clock at night,\nbefore going to bed, a second letter in his old style, which ends,\n'_Mille et mille amities_.'\" It is a later letter (March 25th) which\nends as described, but No. 56 is, nevertheless, a kind letter.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 56.",
    "body": "_Dupuis._--Former principal of the Brienne Military School. Napoleon,\nalways solicitous for the happiness of those whom he had known in his\nyouth, had made Dupuis his own librarian at Malmaison. His brother,\nwho died in 1809, was the learned Egyptologist.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 58.",
    "body": "_M. de T----_, _i.e._ M. de Thiard. In _Lettres Inedites de Napoleon\nI._ (Brotonne), No. 176, to Talleyrand, March 22nd, the Emperor\nwrites: \"I have had M. de Thiard effaced from the list of officers. I\nhave sent him away, after having testified all my displeasure, and\ntold him to stay on his estate. He is a man without military honour\nand civic fidelity.... My intention is that he shall also be struck\noff from the number of my chamberlains. I have been poignantly grieved\nat such black ingratitude, but I think myself fortunate to have found\nout such a wicked man in time.\" De Thiard seems to have been\ncorresponding with the enemy from Warsaw.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 60.",
    "body": "_Marshal Bessieres._--His chateau of Grignon, now destroyed, was one\nof the most beautiful of Provence. Madame de Sevigne lived and was\nburied in the town of Grignon.\n\n\n_No. 63._\n\nThis was printed April 24th in the French editions, but April 14th is\nevidently the correct date.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 67.",
    "body": "\"_Sweet, pouting, and capricious._\"--Aubenas speaks of these lines \"in\nthe style of the Italian period, which seemed in fact to calm the\nfears of the Empress.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 68.",
    "body": "_Madame ----._ His own sister, Madame Murat, afterwards Queen of\nNaples. See note to Letter 35 for her influence over Junot. The latter\nwas severely reprimanded by Napoleon on his return and banished from\nParis. \"Why, for example, does the Grand Duchess occupy your boxes at\nthe theatres? Why does she go thither in your carriage? Hey! M. Junot!\nyou are surprised that I am so well acquainted with your affairs and\nthose of that little fool, Madame Murat?\" (\"Memoirs of the Duchess\nd'Abrantes,\" vol. iii. 328.)\n\n_Measles._--As the poor child was ill four days, it was probably\nlaryngitis from which he died--an ailment hardly distinguishable from\ncroup, and one of the commonest sequelae of measles. He died on May\n5th.\n\nThe best account is the Memoirs of Stanislaus Giraudin. They had\napplied leeches to the child's chest, and had finally recourse to some\nEnglish powders of unknown composition, which caused a rally, followed\nby the final collapse. King Louis said the child's death was caused by\nthe Dutch damp climate, which was bad for his own health. Josephine\nhastens to join her daughter, but breaks down at Lacken, where\nHortense, more dead than alive, joins her, and returns to Paris with\nher.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 69.",
    "body": "_I trust I may hear you have been rational in your sorrow._--As a\nmatter of fact he had heard the opposite, for the following day\n(May 15th) he writes to his brother Jerome: \"Napoleon died in three\ndays at the Hague; I know not if the King has advised you of it.\nThis event gives me the more pain insomuch as his father and mother\nare not rational, and are giving themselves up to all the transports\nof their grief.\" To Fouche he writes three days later: \"I have\nbeen very much afflicted by the misfortune which has befallen me.\nI had hoped for a more brilliant destiny for that poor child;\" and on\nMay 20th, \"I have felt the loss of the little Napoleon very acutely.\nI would have wished that his father and mother should have received\nfrom their temperament as much courage as I for knowing how to bear\nall the ills of life. But they are younger, and have reflected less on\nthe frailty of our worldly possessions.\" It is typical of Napoleon\nthat the only man to whom, as far as we know, he unbosomed his\nsorrow should be one of his early friends, even though that friend\nshould be the false and faithless Fouche, who requited his confidence\nlater by vile and baseless allegations respecting the parentage of\nthis very child. In one respect only did Napoleon resemble David in\nhis supposititious sin, which was, that when the child was dead, he\nhad neither time nor temperament to waste in futile regrets. As he\nsaid on another occasion, if his wife had died during the Austerlitz\nCampaign it would not have delayed his operations a quarter of an\nhour. But he considers practical succour to the living as the most\nfitting memorial to the dead, and writes on June 4th to De Champagny:\n\"Twenty years ago a malady called croup showed itself in the north\nof Europe. Some years ago it spread into France. I require you to\noffer a prize of L500 (12,000 francs), to be given to the doctor who\nwrites the best essay on this malady and its mode of treatment.\"\nCommenting on this letter Bignon (vol. vi. p. 262) adds, \"It is,\nhowever, fortunate when, on the eve of battles, warlike princes are\npondering over ways of preserving the population of their states.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 71.",
    "body": "_May 20th._--On this date he writes Hortense: \"My daughter, all the\nnews I get from the Hague tells me that you are not rational. However\nlegitimate your grief, it must have limits: never impair your health;\nseek distractions, and know that life is strewn with so many rocks,\nand may be the source of so many miseries, that death is not the\ngreatest of all.--Your affectionate father, NAPOLEON.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 74.",
    "body": "_I am vexed with Hortense._--The same day he encloses with this a\nletter to Hortense. \"My daughter, you have not written me a line\nduring your great and righteous grief. You have forgotten everything,\nas if you had nothing more to lose. They say you care no longer for\nany one, that you are callous about everything; I note the truth of it\nby your silence. This is not well, Hortense, it is not what you\npromised me. Your son was everything for you. Are your mother and\nmyself nothing? Had I been at Malmaison I should have shared your\ngrief, but I should have wished you at the same time to turn to your\nbest friends. Good-bye, my daughter, be cheerful; it is necessary to\nbe resigned; keep well, in order to fulfil all your duties. My wife is\nutterly miserable about your condition; do not increase her\nsorrow.--Your affectionate father, NAPOLEON.\"\n\nHortense had been on such bad terms with her husband for several\nmonths past that Napoleon evidently thinks it wiser not to allude to\nhim, although he had written Louis a very strong letter on his\ntreatment of his wife two months earlier (see letter 12,294 of the\n_Correspondence_, April 4th). There is, however, a temporary reunion\nbetween husband and wife in their common sorrow.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 78.",
    "body": "_Friedland._--On this day he wrote a further letter to the Queen of\nHolland (No. 12,761 of the _Correspondence_): \"My daughter, I have\nyour letter dated Orleans. Your grief pains me, but I should like you\nto possess more courage; to live is to suffer, and the true man is\nalways fighting for mastery over himself. I do not like to see you\nunjust towards the little Napoleon Louis, and towards all your\nfriends. Your mother and I had hoped to be more to you than we are.\"\nShe had been sent to take the waters of Cauterets, and had left her\nchild Napoleon Louis (who died at Forli, 1831) with Josephine, who\nwrites to her daughter (June 11th): \"He amuses me much; he is so\ngentle. I find he has all the ways of that poor child that we mourn.\"\nAnd a few days later: \"There remains to you a husband, an interesting\nchild, and a mother whose love you know.\" Josephine had with women the\nsame tact that her husband had with men, but the Bonaparte family,\nwith all its good qualities, strained the tact and tempers of both to\nthe utmost.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 79.",
    "body": "_Tilsit._--Referring to Napoleon and Alexander at Tilsit, Michaud\nsays: \"Both full of wiles and devices, they affected nevertheless the\nmost perfect sentiments of generosity, which at the bottom they\nscarcely dreamed of practising. Reunited, they were the masters of the\nworld, but such a union seemed impossible; they would rather share it\namong themselves. Allies and rivals, friends and enemies, all were\nsacrificed; henceforth there were to be only two powers, that of the\nEast and that of the West. Bonaparte at this time actually ruled from\nthe Niemen to the Straits of Gibraltar, from the North Sea to the base\nof the Italian Peninsula.\"\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [60] Bouillet, _Dictionnaire Universelle_, &c.\n\n  [61] \"The Queen of that Court was the fair Madame Tallien. All that\n       imagination can conceive will scarcely approach the reality;\n       beautiful after the antique fashion, she had at once grace and\n       dignity; without being endowed with a superior wit, she\n       possessed the art of making the best of it, and won people's\n       hearts by her great kindness.\"--_Memoirs of Marmont_, vol. i.,\n       p. 887.\n\n  [62] This brave general was mortally wounded in the cavalry charge\n       which saved the battle, and the friends of Bernadotte assert\n       that the message was never given--an assertion more credible if\n       the future king's record had been better on other occasions.\n\n  [63] Alison says 75,000 allies, 85,000 French, but admits allies had\n       100 more cannon.\n\n  [64] Augereau, says Meneval, went out of his mind during this battle,\n       and had to be sent back to France.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES H",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_Milan._--Magnificent public works were set on foot by Napoleon at\nMilan, and the Cathedral daily adorned with fresh marvels of\nsculpture. Arriving here on the morning of the 22nd, Napoleon goes\nfirst to hear the _Te Deum_ at the Cathedral, then to see Eugene's\nwife at the Monza Palace; in the evening to the La Scala Theatre, and\nfinishes the day (to use an Irishism) by working most of the night.\n\n_Mont Cenis._--\"The roads of the Simplon and Mont Cenis were kept in\nthe finest order, and daily attracted fresh crowds of strangers to the\nItalian plains.\" So says Alison, but on the present occasion Napoleon\nwas overtaken by a storm which put his life in danger. He was\nfortunate enough to reach a cave in which he took refuge. This cave\nappeared to him, as he afterwards said, \"a cave of diamonds\"\n(Meneval).\n\n_Eugene._--The writer in _Biog. Univ._ (art. Josephine) says: \"During\na journey that Napoleon made in Italy (November 1807) he wished, while\nloading Eugene with favours, to prepare his mind for his mother's\ndivorce. The Decree of Milan, by which, in default of male and\nlegitimate children[65] of _the direct_ _line_, he adopted Eugene for\nhis son and his successor to the throne of Italy, gave to those who\nknew how to read the secret thoughts of the Emperor in his patent acts\nthe proof that he had excluded him from all inheritance in the\nImperial Crown of France, and that he dreamed seriously of a new\nalliance himself.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Venice._--The Venetians gave Napoleon a wonderful ovation--many\nnobles spending a year's income on the fetes. \"Innumerable gondolas\nglittering with a thousand colours and resounding with the harmony of\ninstruments, escorted the barges which bore, together with the master\nof the world, the Viceroy and the Vice-Queen of Italy, the King and\nQueen of Bavaria, the Princess of Lucca, the King of Naples (Joseph,\nwho stayed six days with his brother), the Grand Duke of Berg, the\nPrince of Neufchatel, and the greater part of the generals of the old\narmy of Italy\" (Thiers). While at Venice Napoleon was in easy touch\nwith the Porte, of which he doubtless made full use, while, _per\ncontra_, he was expected to give Greece her independence.\n\n_November 30th._--Leaving Milan, Napoleon came straight through\nBrescia to Verona, where he supped with the King and Queen of\nBavaria. The next morning he started for Vicenza through avenues of\nvine-encircled poplars and broad yellow wheat-fields which \"lay all\ngolden in the sunlight and the breeze\" (Constant). The Emperor\nwent to the theatre at Vicenza, and left again at 2 A.M. Spending the\nnight at Stra, he met the Venetian authorities early the next morning\nat Fusina.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_Udine._--He is here on the 12th, and then hastens to meet his brother\nLucien at Mantua--the main but secret object of his journey to Italy.\nIt is _most_ difficult to gauge the details--was it a political or a\nconjugal question that made the interview a failure? Madame\nD'Abrantes, voicing the rumours of the day, thinks the former; Lucien,\nwriting Memoirs for his wife and children, declares it to be the\nlatter. Napoleon was prepared to legalise the children of his first\nwife, and marry the eldest to Prince Ferdinand, the heir to the\nSpanish crown; but Lucien considers the Bourbons to be enemies of\nFrance and of the Bonapartes. These Memoirs of Lucien are not perhaps\nvery trustworthy, especially where his prejudices overlap his memory\nor his judgment, but always instructive and very readable. When the\naccount of this interview was written (early in 1812), Lucien was an\nEnglish prisoner, furious that his brother has just refused to\nexchange him for \"some English Lords.\" Speaking of Josephine, the\nEmperor tells him that in spite of her reputation for good-nature, she\nis more malicious than generally supposed, although for her husband\n\"she has no nails\"; but he adds that rumours of impending divorce have\nmade life between them very constrained. \"Only imagine,\" continued the\nEmperor, \"that wife of mine weeps every time she has indigestion,\nbecause she says she thinks herself poisoned by those who wish me to\nmarry some one else. It is perfectly hateful.\" He said that Joseph\nalso thought of a divorce, as his wife gave him only daughters, and\nthat the three brothers might be remarried on the same day. The\nEmperor regretted not having taken the Princess Augusta, daughter of\nhis \"best friend, the King of Bavaria,\" for himself, instead of for\nEugene, who did not know how to appreciate her and was unfaithful. He\nwas convinced that Russia by invading India would overthrow England,\nand that his own soldiers were ready to follow him to the antipodes.\nHe ends by offering Lucien his choice of thrones--Naples, Italy, \"the\nbrightest jewel of my Imperial crown,\" or Spain[66] (Madame D'Abrantes\nadds _Prussia_), if he will give way about Madame Jouberthon and her\nchildren. \"Tout pour Lucien divorce, rien pour Lucien sans divorce.\"\nWhen Napoleon finds his brother obdurate he makes Eugene Prince of\nVenice, and his eldest daughter Princess of Bologna, with a large\nappanage. Lucien is in fresh disgrace within less than three months of\nthe Mantuan interview, for on March 11, 1808, Napoleon writes brother\nJoseph, \"Lucien is misconducting himself at Rome ... and is more Roman\nthan the Pope himself. His conduct has been scandalous; he is my open\nenemy, and that of France.... I will not permit a Frenchman, and one\nof my own brothers, to be the first to conspire and act against me,\nwith a rabble of priests.\"\n\n_I may soon be in Paris._--After leaving Milan he visits the\nfortifications at Alessandria, and is met by a torchlight procession\nat Marengo. Letters for two days (December 27-28th) are dated Turin,\nalthough Constant says he did not stop there. Crossing Mont Cenis on\nDecember 30th he reaches the Tuileries on the evening of New Year's\nDay (1808).\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [65] The Decree itself says \"nos enfants et descendants males,\n       legitimes et naturels.\"\n\n  [66] On October 11th Prince Ferdinand had written Napoleon for \"the\n       honour of allying himself to a Princess of his august family\";\n       and Lucien's eldest daughter was Napoleon's only choice.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES I",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_Bayonne_ is half-way between Paris and Madrid, nearly 600 miles from\neach. Napoleon arrived here April 15th, and left July 21st, returning\nwith Josephine _via_ Pau, Tarbes, Auch, Montauban, Agen, Bordeaux,\nRochefort, Nantes. Everywhere he received a hearty welcome, even, and\nespecially, in La Vendee. He arrives at Paris August 14th, hearing on\nAugust 3rd at Bordeaux of (what he calls) the \"horrible catastrophe\"\nof General Dupont at Baylen.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_A country-house._--The Chateau of Marrac. Marbot had stayed there in\n1803 with Augereau. Bausset informs us that this chateau had been\nbuilt either for the Infanta Marie Victoire engaged to Louis XV., or\nfor the Dowager Queen of Charles II., \"the bewitched,\" when she was\npacked off from Madrid to Bayonne (see Hume's _Spain_, 1479-1788).\n\n_Everything is still most primitive._--Nevertheless he enjoyed the\n_pamperruque_ which was danced before the chateau by seven men and ten\nmaidens, gaily dressed--the women armed with tambourines and the men\nwith castanets. Saint-Amand speaks of thirteen performers (seven men\nand six maidens) chosen from the leading families of the town, to\nrender what for time immemorial had been considered fit homage for the\nmost illustrious persons.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_Prince of the Asturias._--The Emperor had received him at the chateau\nof Marrac, paid him all the honours due to royalty, while evading the\nword \"Majesty,\" and insisting the same day on his giving up all claim\nto the Crown of Spain. Constant says he was heavy of gait, and rarely\nspoke.\n\n_The Queen._--A woman of violent passions. The Prince of the Asturias\nhad designs on his mother's life, while the Queen openly begged\nNapoleon to put the Prince to death. On May 9th Napoleon writes\nTalleyrand to prepare to take charge of Ferdinand at Valencay, adding\nthat if the latter were \"to become attached to some pretty woman, whom\nwe are sure of, it would be no disadvantage.\" A new experience for a\nMontmorency to become the keeper of a Bourbon, rather than his\nConstable. Pasquier, with his usual Malvolian decorum, gives fuller\ndetails. Napoleon, he says, \"enumerates with care (to Talleyrand) all\nthe precautions that are to be taken to prevent his escape, and even\ngoes so far as to busy himself with the distractions which may be\npermitted him. And, be it noted, the principal one thrown in his way\nwas given him by a young person who lived at the time under M. De\nTalleyrand's roof. This liaison, of which Ferdinand soon became\ndistrustful, did not last as long as it was desired to.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_A son has been born._--By a plebiscite of the year XII. (1804-5), the\nchildren of Louis and Hortense were to be the heirs of Napoleon, and\nin conformity with this the child born on April 20th at 17 Rue Lafitte\n(now the residence of the Turkish Ambassador), was inscribed on the\nregister of the Civil List destined for princes of the blood. His two\nelder brothers had not been so honoured, but in due course the King of\nRome was entered thereon. Had Louis accepted the Crown of Spain which\nNapoleon had in vain offered to him, and of which Hortense would have\nmade an ideal Queen, the chances are that Napoleon would never have\ndivorced Josephine. St. Amand shows at length that the future Napoleon\nIII. is truly the child of Louis, and neither of Admiral Verhuell nor\nof the Duke Decazes. Louis and Hortense in the present case are\nsufficiently agreed to insist that the father's name be preserved by\nthe child, who is called Charles Louis Napoleon, and not Charles\nNapoleon, which was the Emperor's first choice. In either case the\nname of the croup-stricken firstborn had been preserved. On April 23rd\nJosephine had already two letters from Cambaceres respecting mother\nand child, and on this day the Empress writes her daughter: \"I know\nthat Napoleon is consoled for not having a sister.\"\n\n_Arrive on the 27th._--Josephine, always wishful to humour her\nhusband's love of punctuality, duly arrived on the day fixed, and took\nup her abode with her husband in the chateau of Marrac. Ferdinand\nwrote to his uncle in Madrid to beware of the cursed Frenchmen,\ntelling him also that Josephine had been badly received at Bayonne.\nThe letter was intercepted, and Napoleon wrote Murat that the writer\nwas a liar, a fool, and a hypocrite. The Emperor, in fact, never\ntrusted the Prince henceforward. Bausset, who translated the letter,\ntells how the Emperor could scarcely believe that the Prince would use\nso strong an adjective, but was convinced on seeing the word\n_maldittos_, which he remarked was almost the Italian--_maledetto_.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES J\n\n\nLeaving St. Cloud September 22nd, Napoleon is at Metz on the 23rd, at\nKaiserlautern on the 24th, where he sends a message to the Empress in\na letter to Cambaceres, and on the 27th is at Erfurt. On the 28th the\nEmperors of France and Russia sign a Convention of Alliance. Napoleon\nleaves Erfurt October 14th (the anniversary of Jena), travels\nincognito, and arrives St. Cloud October 18th.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_I have rather a cold._--Napoleon had insisted on going to explore a\nnew road he had ordered between Metz and Mayence, and which no one had\nventured to say was not complete. The road was so bad that the\ncarriage of the _maitre des requetes_, who had been summoned to\naccount for the faulty work, was precipitated a hundred feet down a\nravine near Kaiserlautern.\n\n_I am pleased with the Emperor and every one here._--Which included\nwhat he had promised Talma for his audience--a _parterre_ of kings.\nBesides the two Emperors, the King of Prussia was represented by his\nbrother Prince William, Austria by General Vincent, and there were\nalso the Kings of Saxony, Bavaria, Wuertemberg, Westphalia, and Naples,\nthe Prince Primate, the Princes of Anhalt, Coburg, Saxe-Weimar,\nDarmstadt, Baden, and Nassau. Talleyrand, Champagny, Maret, Duroc,\nBerthier, and Caulaincourt, with Generals Oudinot, Soult, and\nLauriston accompanied Napoleon. Literature was represented by Goethe,\nWieland, Mueller; and feminine attractions by the Duchess of\nSaxe-Weimar and the wily Princess of Tour and Taxis, sister of the\nQueen of Prussia. Pasquier and others have proved that at Erfurt\nTalleyrand did far more harm than good to his master's cause, and in\nfact intended to do so. On his arrival he spent his first evening with\nthe Princess of Tour and Taxis, in order to meet the Emperor\nAlexander, and said: \"Sire ... It is for you to save Europe, and the\nonly way of attaining this object is by resisting Napoleon. The French\npeople are civilised, their Emperor is not: the sovereign of Russia is\ncivilised, his people are not. It is therefore for the sovereign of\nRussia to be the ally of the French people,\"--of whom Talleyrand\ndeclared himself to be the representative. By squaring Alexander this\ntranscendental (unfrocked) Vicar of Bray, \"with an oar in every boat,\"\nis once more hedging, or, to use his own phrase, guaranteeing the\nfuture, and at the same time securing the daughter of the Duchess of\nCourland for his nephew, Edmond de Perigord. \"The Arch-apostate\"\ncarried his treason so far as to advise Alexander of Napoleon's\nulterior views, and thus enabled the former to forestall them--no easy\nmatter in conversations with Napoleon \"lasting whole days\" (see\nLetter No. 3, this Series). Talleyrand had also a grievance. He had\nbeen replaced as Foreign Minister by Champagny. He had accepted the\nsurrender of his portfolio gladly, as now, becoming Vice-Grand\nElector, he ranked with Cambaceres and Maret. But when he found that\nNapoleon, who liked to have credit for his own diplomacy, seldom\nconsulted him, or allowed Champagny to do so, jealousy and ill-will\nnaturally resulted.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Shooting over the battlefield of Jena._--The presence of the Emperor\nAlexander on this occasion was considered a great affront to his\nrecent ally, the King of Prussia, and is severely commented on by Von\nMoltke in one of his Essays. In fairness to Alexander, we must\nremember that their host, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, had married his\nsister. Von Moltke, by the way, speaks of _hares_ forming the sport in\nquestion, but Savary of a second battle of Jena fought against the\n_partridges_. The fact seems to be that all kinds of game, including\nstags and deer, were driven by the beaters to the royal sportsmen in\ntheir huts, and the Emperor Alexander, albeit short-sighted, succeeded\nin killing a stag, at eight feet distance, _at the first shot_.\n\n_The Weimar ball._--This followed the Jena shoot, and the dancing\nlasted all night. The Russian courtiers were scandalised at their\nEmperor dancing, but while he was present the dancing was conventional\nenough, consisting of promenading two and two to the strains of a\nPolish march. \"Imperial Waltz, imported from the Rhine,\" was already\nthe rage in Germany, and Napoleon, in order to be more worthy of his\nAustrian princess, tried next year to master this new science of\ntactics, but after a trial with the Princess Stephanie, the lady\ndeclared that her pupil should always give lessons, and never receive\nthem. He was rather more successful at billiards, pursued under the\nsame praiseworthy incentive.\n\n_A few trifling ailments._--Mainly a fearful nightmare; a new\nexperience, in which he imagines his vitals torn out by a bear.\n\"Significant of much!\" As when also the Russian Emperor finds\nhimself without a sword and accepts that of Napoleon as a gift: and\nwhen, on the last night, the latter orders his comedians to play\n\"Bajazet,\"--little thinking the appointed Tamerlane was by his side.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "_I am pleased with Alexander._--For the time being Josephine had most\nreason to be pleased with Alexander, who failed to secure his sister's\nhand for Napoleon.\n\n_He ought to be with me._--He might have been, had not Napoleon\npurposely evaded the Eastern Question. On this subject Savary\nwrites (vol. ii. 297):--\"Since Tilsit, Napoleon had sounded the\npersonal views of his ambassador at Constantinople, General\nSebastiani, as to this proposition of the Emperor of Russia (_i.e._\nthe partition of Turkey). This ambassador was utterly opposed to\nthis project, and in a long report that he sent to the Emperor on his\nreturn from Constantinople, he demonstrated to him that it was\nabsolutely necessary for France never to consent to the dismemberment\nof the Turkish Empire; the Emperor Napoleon adopted his views.\" And\nthese Talleyrand knew. The whirligig of time brings about its\nrevenges, and in less than fifty years Lord Palmerston had to seek\nan alliance with France and the house of Napoleon in order to\nmaintain the fixed policy that sent Napoleon I. to Moscow and to\nSt. Helena. \"Alexander, with justice,\" says Alison, \"looked upon\nConstantinople as the back-door of his empire, and was earnest that\nits key should be placed in his hands.\" \"Alexander,\" Napoleon told\nO'Meara, \"wanted to get Constantinople, which I would not allow,\nas it would have destroyed the equilibrium of power in Europe. I\nreflected that France would gain Egypt, Syria, and the islands,\nwhich would have been nothing in comparison with what Russia would\nhave obtained. I considered that the barbarians of the north were\nalready too powerful, and probably in the course of time would\noverwhelm all Europe, as I now think they will. Austria already\ntrembles: Russia and Prussia united, Austria falls, and England\ncannot prevent it.\"\n\n_Erfurt_ is the meridian of Napoleon's first thirteen years\n(1796-1808)--each more glorious; henceforward (1809-1821) ever faster\nhe \"rolls, darkling, down the torrent of his fate.\"\n\n\n\n\nSERIES K",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "Written from the Imperial Camp outside Madrid. Neither Napoleon[67]\nnor Joseph entered the capital, but King Joseph took up his abode at\nthe Prado, the castle of the Kings of Spain, two miles away; while the\nEmperor was generally at Chamartin, some five miles distant. He had\narrived on the heights surrounding Madrid on his Coronation Day\n(December 2nd), and does not fail to remind his soldiers and his\npeople of this auspicious coincidence. The bulletin concludes with a\ntirade against England, whose conduct is \"shameful,\" but her troops\n\"well disciplined and superb.\" It declares that Spain has been treated\nby them as they have treated Holland, Sardinia, Austria, Russia, and\nSweden. \"They foment war everywhere; they distribute weapons like\npoison; but they shed their blood only for their direct and personal\ninterests.\"\n\n_Parisian weather of the last fortnight in May._--In his bulletin of\nthe 13th, he says: \"Never has such a month of December been known in\nthis country; one would think it the beginning of spring.\" But ten\ndays later all was changed, and the storm of Guadarrama undoubtedly\nsaved Moore and the English army. \"Was it then decreed,\" groans\nThiers, \"that we, who were always successful against combined Europe,\nshould on no single occasion prevail against those implacable foes?\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "Other letters of this date are headed Madrid.\n\n_Kourakin._--Alexander Kourakin was the new Russian Ambassador at\nParis, removed thence from Vienna to please Napoleon, and to replace\nTolstoi, who, according to Savary, was always quarrelling with French\nofficers on military points, but who could hardly be so narrow-minded\na novice on these points as his namesake of to-day. This matter had\nbeen arranged at Erfurt.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "_The English appear to have received reinforcements._--Imagine a\nTransvaal with a population of ten millions, and one has a fair idea\nof the French difficulties in Spain, even without Portugal. The\nSpaniards could not fight a scientific battle like Jena or Friedland,\nbut they were incomparable at guerilla warfare. The Memoirs of Barons\nMarbot and Lejeune have well demonstrated this. The latter, an\naccomplished linguist, sent to locate Moore's army, found that to pass\nas an Englishman the magic words \"Damn it,\" won him complete success.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "_Benavente._--Here they found 600 horses, which had been hamstrung by\nthe English.\n\n_The English flee panic-stricken._--The next day Napoleon writes\nFouche to have songs written, and caricatures made of them, which are\nalso to be translated into German and Italian, and circulated in\nGermany and Italy.\n\n_The weather is very bad._--Including 18 degrees of frost. Savary says\nthey had never felt the cold so severe in Poland--and that they ran a\nrisk of being buried in the snow. The Emperor had to march on foot and\nwas very much tired. \"On these occasions,\" adds Savary, \"the Emperor\nwas not selfish, as people would have us believe ... he shared his\nsupper[68] and his fire with all who accompanied him: he went so far\nas to make those eat whom he saw in need of it.\" Napier gives other\ndetails: \"Napoleon, on December 22nd, has 50,000 men at the foot of\nthe Guadarrama. A deep snow choked the passes of the Sierra, and after\ntwelve hours' toil the advanced guards were still on the wrong side:\nthe general commanding reported the road impracticable, but Napoleon,\ndismounting, placed himself at the head of the column, and amidst\nstorms of hail and driving snow, led his soldiers over the mountain.\"\nAt the passage of the Esla Moore escapes Napoleon by twelve hours.\nMarbot, as usual, gives picturesque details. Officers and men marched\nwith locked arms, the Emperor between Lannes and Duroc. Half-way up,\nthe marshals and generals, who wore jack-boots, could go no further.\nNapoleon, however, got hoisted on to a gun, and bestrode it: the\nmarshals and generals did the same, and in this grotesque order they\nreached, after four hours' toil, the convent at the summit.\n\n_Lefebvre._--As they neared Benavente the slush became frightful, and\nthe artillery could not keep pace. General Lefebvre-Desnouette went\nforward, with the horse regiment of the Guard, forded the Esla with\nfour squadrons, was outnumbered by the English (3000 to 300), but he\nand sixty (Lejeune, who escaped, says a hundred) of his chasseurs were\ncaptured. He was brought in great triumph to Sir John Moore. \"That\ngeneral,\" says Thiers, \"possessed the courtesy characteristic of all\ngreat nations; he received with the greatest respect the brilliant\ngeneral who commanded Napoleon's light cavalry, seated him at his\ntable, and presented him with a magnificent Indian sabre.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "Probably written from Astorga, where he arrived on January 1st, having\nbrought 50,000 men two hundred miles in ten days.\n\n_Your letters._--These probably, and others received by a courier,\ndecided him to let Soult follow the English to Corunna--especially as\nhe knew that transports were awaiting the enemy there. He himself\nprepares to return, for Fouche and Talleyrand are in league, the slim\nand slippery Metternich is ambassador at Paris, Austria is arming, and\nthe whole political horizon, apparently bright at Erfurt, completely\novercast. Murat, balked of the Crown of Spain, is now hoping for that\nof France if Napoleon is killed or assassinated. It is Talleyrand and\nFouche who have decided on Murat, and on the ultimate overthrow of the\nBeauharnais. Unfortunately for their plans Eugene is apprised by\nLavalette, and an incriminating letter to Murat captured and sent\npost-haste to Napoleon. This, says Pasquier, undoubtedly hastened the\nEmperor's return. Ignoring the complicity of Fouche, the whole weight\nof his anger falls on Talleyrand, who loses the post of High\nChamberlain, which he had enjoyed since 1804. For half-an-hour this\n\"arch-apostate,\" as Lord Rosebery calls him, receives a torrent of\ninvectives. \"You are a thief, a coward, a man without honour; you do\nnot believe in God; you have all your life been a traitor to your\nduties; you have deceived and betrayed everybody: nothing is sacred to\nyou; you would sell your own father. I have loaded you down with\ngifts, and there is nothing that you would not undertake against me.\nThus, for the past ten months, you have been shameless enough, because\nyou supposed, rightly or wrongly, that my affairs in Spain were going\nastray, to say to all who would listen to you that you always blamed\nmy undertaking there, whereas it was yourself who first put it into my\nhead, and who persistently urged it. And that man, _that unfortunate_\n(he was thus designating the Duc d'Enghien), by whom was I advised of\nthe place of his residence? Who drove me to deal cruelly with him?\nWhat then are you aiming at? What do you wish for? What do you hope?\nDo you dare to say? You deserve that I should smash you like a\nwine-glass. I can do it, but I despise you too much to take the\ntrouble.\" This we are assured by the impartial Pasquier, who heard it\nfrom an ear-witness, and second-hand from Talleyrand, is an abstract\nof what Napoleon said, and to which the ex-Bishop made no reply.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "_The English are in utter rout._--Still little but dead men and horses\nfell into his hands. Savary adds the interesting fact that all the\n(800) dead cavalry horses had a foot missing, which the English had\nto show their officers to prove that they had not sold their horses.\nScott, on barely sufficient evidence perhaps, states, \"The very\ntreasure-chests of the army were thrown away and abandoned. There was\nnever so complete an example of a disastrous retreat.\" The fact seems\nto have been that the soldiership was bad, but Moore's generalship\nexcellent. Napier writes, \"No wild horde of Tartars ever fell with\nmore license upon their rich effeminate neighbours than did the\nEnglish troops upon the Spanish towns taken by storm.\" What could be\nexpected of such men in retreat, when even Lord Melville had just said\nin extenuation of our army that the worst men make the best soldiers?\n\n\nNOS. 13 AND 14.\n\nWritten at Valladolid. Here he received a deputation asking that his\nbrother may reside in Madrid, to which he agrees, and awaits its\narrangement before setting out for Paris.\n\nAt Valladolid he met De Pradt, whom he mistrusted; but who, like\nTalleyrand, always amused him. In the present case the Abbe told him\nthat \"the Spaniards would never thank him for interfering in their\nbehalf, and that they were like Sganarelle in the farce, who\nquarrelled with a stranger for interfering with her husband when he\nwas beating her\" (Scott's \"Napoleon\").\n\nHe leaves Valladolid January 17th, and is in Paris on January 24th. He\nrode the first seventy miles, to Burgos, in five and a half hours,\nstopping only to change horses.[69] Well might Savary say, \"Never had\na sovereign ridden at such a speed.\"\n\n_Eugene has a daughter._--The Princess Eugenie-Hortense, born December\n23rd at Milan; married the hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern\nHechingen.\n\n_They are foolish in Paris_--if not worse. Talleyrand, Fouche, and\nothers were forming what amounted to a conspiracy, and the Empress\nherself, wittingly or unwittingly, had served as their tool. For the\nfirst time she answers a deputation of the Corps Legislatif, who come\nto congratulate her on her husband's victories, and says that\ndoubtless his Majesty would be very sensible of the homage of an\nassembly _which represents the nation_. Napoleon sees in this remark a\ngerm of aggression on behalf of his House of Commons, more especially\nwhen emphasised by 125 blackballs against a Government Bill. He takes\nthe effective but somewhat severe step of contradicting his wife in\nthe _Moniteur_, or rather declaring that the Empress knew the laws too\nwell not to know that the Emperor was the chief representative of the\nPeople, then the Senate, and last the Corps Legislatif.\n\n\"It would be a wild and even criminal assertion to try to represent\nthe nation before the Emperor.\"\n\nAll through the first half of 1809 another dangerous plot, of which\nthe centre was the Princess of Tour and Taxis, had its threads far and\nwide. Many of Soult's generals were implicated, and in communication\nwith the English, preventing their commander getting news of\nWellesley's movements (Napier). When they find Soult cannot be\ntraduced, they lend a willing ear to stirring up strife between the\nEmperor and Soult, by suggesting that the latter should be made King\nof Portugal. Madame d'Abrantes, who heard in 1814 that the idea had\nfound favour with English statesmen, thinks such a step would have\nseriously injured Napoleon (vol. iv. 53).\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [67] Napoleon visited Madrid and its Palais Royal incognito, and (like\n       Vienna) by night (Bausset).\n\n  [68] With Lejeune on one occasion.\n\n  [69] _Biographie Universelle._ Michaud says _ponies_.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES L\n\n\n1809.\n\nThe dangers surrounding Napoleon were immense. The Austrian army,\n320,000 strong (with her Landwehr, 544,000 men) and 800 cannon, had\nnever been so great, never so fitted for war. Prussia was already\nseething with secret societies, of which as yet the only formidable\none was the Tugendbund, whose headquarters were Konigsburg, and whose\nchief members were Stein, Stadion, Blucher, Jahn. Perhaps their most\nsensible scheme was to form a united German empire, with the Archduke\nCharles[70] as its head. The Archduke Ferdinand invaded the Duchy of\nWarsaw, and had he taken Thorn with its park of 100 cannon, Prussia\nwas to join Austria. In Italy the Carbonari and Adelphes[71] only\nwaited for the French troops to go north to meet the Austrians to\nspread revolt in Italy. Of the former the head lodge was at Capua and\nits constitutions written in English, since England was aiding this\n_chouanerie religieuse_ as a lever against Napoleon. England had an\narmy of 40,000 men ready to embark in any direction--to Holland,\nBelgium, Naples, or Biscay, while the French troops in Portugal were\nbeing tampered with to receive Moreau as their leader, and to march\nwith Spaniards and English for the Pyrenees. At Paris Talleyrand was\nin partial disgrace, but he and Fouche were still plotting--the\nlatter, says Pelet, forwarding daily a copy of the private bulletin\n(prepared for Napoleon's eye alone) to the Bourbons. After Essling and\nthe breaking of the Danube bridge, he hesitated between seizing\nsupreme power himself or offering it to Bernadotte.\n\nUp to the last--up to March 27th--the _Correspondence_ proves that\nNapoleon had hoped that war would be averted through the influence of\nRussia. \"All initiative,\" he declared, \"rested on the heads of the\ncourt of Austria.\" \"Menaced on all sides; warned of the intentions of his\nenemies by their movements and by their intercepted correspondence;\nseeing from that moment hostilities imminent, he wishes to prove to\nFrance and Europe that all the wrongs are on their side, and awaits in his\ncapital the news of an aggression that nothing justifies, nothing\nwarrants. Vain prudence! Europe will accuse him of having been the\ninstigator on every occasion, even in this.\"[72] On April 8th the\nAustrians violated Bavarian territory, and during his supreme command for\nthe next five days Berthier endangered the safety of the French empire\nin spite of the most elaborate and lucid instructions from Napoleon, which\nhe failed to comprehend. \"Never,\" says Pelet, \"was so much written, never\nso little done. Each of his letters (Berthier's) attests the great\ndifference which existed between his own correspondence and that which\nwas dictated to him.\" An ideal chief of staff, he utterly lacked the\ndecision necessary for a commander-in-chief. The arrival of Napoleon\nchanged in a moment the position of affairs. \"The sudden apparition of the\nEmperor produced the effect of the head of Medusa, and paralysed the\nenemy.\"[73] Within five days the Austrians were four times defeated, and\nRatisbon, the _passe-partout_ of Southern Germany and half-way house\nbetween Strasburg and Vienna, is once more in the hands of France and her\nallies. Pelet considers these operations as the finest which have been\nexecuted either in ancient or modern times, at any rate those of which the\nprojects are authentically proved. He foretells that military men from\nevery country of Europe, but specially young Frenchmen, will religiously\nvisit the fields of the Laber. They will visit, with Napoleon's\n_Correspondence_ in their hands, \"much more precious than every other\ncommentary, the hills of Pfaffenhofen, the bridge of Landshut, and that\nof Eckmuehl, the mill of Stangl, and the woods of Roking.\" A few days\nlater the Archduke Charles writes a letter to Napoleon, which is a fair\ntype of those charming yet stately manners which made him at that\nmoment the most popular man in Europe. \"Sire,\" he writes, \"your\nMajesty's arrival was announced to me by the thunder of artillery, without\ngiving me time to compliment you thereon. Scarcely advised of your\npresence, I was made sensible of it by the losses which you have caused\nme. You have taken many of my men, Sire; my troops also have made some\nthousands of prisoners in places where you did not direct the\noperations. I propose to your Majesty to exchange them man for man, grade\nfor grade, and if that offer is agreeable to you, please let me know your\nintentions for the place destined for the exchange. I feel flattered,\nsire, in fighting against the greatest captain of the age. I should be\nmore happy if destiny had chosen me to procure for my country the\nbenefit of a lasting peace. Whichsoever they be, the events of war or\nthe approach of peace, I beg your Majesty to believe that my desires\nalways carry me to meet you, and that I hold myself equally honoured in\nfinding the sword, or the olive branch, in the hand of your Majesty.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_DONAUWERTH._--\nn the same day napoleon writes almost an identical\nletter to cambaceres, adding, however, the news that the tyrolese are\nin full revolt.\n\nOn april 20th he placed himself at the head of the wurtembergers and\nbavarians at abensberg. he made a stirring speech (no. 15,099 of\n_correspondence_), and lejeune tells us that the prince royal of\nbavaria translated into german one sentence after another as the\nemperor spoke, and officers repeated the translations throughout the\nranks.\n\nOn april 24th is issued from Ratisbon his proclamation to the\narmy:--\"Soldiers, you have justified my expectations. You have made\nup for your number by your bravery. You have gloriously marked the\ndifference between the soldiers of Caesar and the armed cohorts of\nXerxes. In a few days we have triumphed in the pitched battles of\nThann, Abensberg, and Eckmuehl, and in the combats of Peising,\nLandshut, and Ratisbon. A hundred cannon, forty flags, fifty thousand\nprisoners.... before a month we shall be at Vienna.\" It was within\nthree weeks! He was specially proud of Eckmuehl, and we are probably\nindebted to a remark of Pasquier for his chief but never divulged\nreason. \"A noteworthy fact in connection with this battle was that\nthe triumphant army was composed principally of Bavarians and\nWurtembergers. Under his direction, these allies were as greatly to be\nfeared as the French themselves.\" At St. Helena was written: \"The\nbattle of Abensberg, the manoeuvres of Landshut, and the battle of\nEckmuehl were the most brilliant and the most skilful manoeuvres of\nNapoleon.\" Eckmuehl ended with a fine exhibition of a \"white arm\"\nmelee by moonlight, in which the French proved the superiority of\ntheir double cuirasses over the breastplates of the Austrians.\nPelet gives this useful abstract of the campaign of five days:--\n\n_April 19th._--Union of the french army whilst fighting the Archduke,\nwhose base is already menaced.\n\n_April 20th._--Napoleon, at Abensberg and on the banks of the Laber,\nbreaks the Austrian line, totally separating the centre from the left,\nwhich he causes to be turned by Massena.\n\n_April 21st._--He destroys their left wing at Landshut, and captures\nthe magazines, artillery, and train, as well as the communications of\nthe enemy's grand army, fixing definitely his own line of operations,\nwhich he already directs on Vienna.\n\n_April 22nd._--He descends the Laber to Eckmuehl, gives the last blow\nto the Archduke's army, of which the remnant takes refuge in\nRatisbon.\n\n_april 23rd._--He takes that strong place, and forces the Archduke to\ntake refuge in the mountains of Bohemia.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_May 6th._--On May 1st Napoleon was still at Braunau, waiting for news\nfrom Davoust. Travelling by night at his usual speed he reached\nLambach at noon on May 2nd, and Wels on the 3rd. The next morning he\nheard Massena's cannon at Ebersberg, but reaches the field at the fall\nof night--too late to save the heavy cost of Massena's frontal attack.\nThe French lost at least 1500 killed and wounded; the Austrians (under\nHiller) the same number killed and 7000 prisoners. Pelet defends\nMassena, and quotes the bulletin of May 4th (omitted from the\n_Correspondence_): \"It is one of the finest feats of arms of which\nhistory can preserve the memory! The traveller will stop and say, 'It\nis here, it is here, in these superb positions, that an army of 35,000\nAustrians was routed by two French divisions'\" (Pelet, ii. 225).\nLejeune, and most writers, blame Massena, referring to the Emperor's\nletter of May 1st in Pelet's Appendix (vol. ii.), but not in the\n_Correspondence_.\n\nBetween April 17th and May 6th there is no letter to Josephine\npreserved, but plenty to Eugene, and all severe--not so much for\nincapacity as for not keeping the Emperor advised of what was really\nhappening. On May 6th he had received no news for over a week.\n\n_The ball that touched me_--_i.e._ at Ratisbon. This was the second\ntime Napoleon had been wounded in battle--the first time by an\nEnglish bayonet at Toulon. On the present occasion (April 23rd)\nMeneval seems to be the best authority: \"Napoleon was seated on a\nspot from which he could see the attack on the town of Ratisbon. He\nwas beating the ground with his riding-whip,[74] when a bullet,\nsupposed to have been fired from a Tyrolean carbine, struck him on the\nbig toe (Marbot says 'right ankle,' which is correct). The news of\nhis wound spread rapidly[75] from file to file, and he was forced\nto mount on horseback to show himself to his troops. Although his\nboot had not been cut the contusion was a very painful one,\" and in\nthe first house he went to for a moment's rest, he fainted. The next\nday, however, he saw the wounded and reviewed his troops as usual,\nand Lejeune has preserved a highly characteristic story, somewhat\nsimilar to an experience of the Great Frederick's: \"When he had\nreached the seventh or eighth sergeant the Emperor noticed a\nhandsome young fellow with fine but stern-looking eyes and of\nresolute and martial bearing, who made his musket ring again as he\npresented arms. 'How many wounds?' inquired the Emperor. 'Thirty,'\nreplied the sergeant. 'I am not asking you your age,' said the Emperor\ngraciously; 'I am asking how many wounds you have received.' Raising\nhis voice, the sergeant again replied with the one word, 'Thirty.'\nAnnoyed at this reply, the Emperor turned to the colonel and said,\n'The man does not understand; he thinks I am asking about his\nage.' 'He understands well enough, sire,' was the reply; 'he has been\nwounded thirty times.' 'What!' exclaimed the Emperor, 'you have been\nwounded so often and have not got the cross!' The sergeant looked\ndown at his chest, and seeing that the strap of his cartridge-pouch\nhid his decoration, he raised it so as to show the cross. He said\nto the Emperor, with great earnestness, 'Yes, I've got one; but I've\nmerited a dozen!' The Emperor, who was always pleased to meet\nspirited fellows such as this, pronounced the sacramental words,\n'I make you an officer!' 'That's right, Emperor,' said the new\nsub-lieutenant as he proudly drew himself up; 'you couldn't have\ndone better!'\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "Almost an exact duplicate of this letter goes on to Paris to\nCambaceres, as also of No. 4. The moment the Emperor had heard that\nthe Archduke had left Budweiss and was going by the circuitous route\n_via_ Krems to Vienna, he left Enns (May 7th) and reached Moelk the\nsame evening. Seeing a camp of the enemy on the other side of the\nriver he sends Marbot with a sergeant and six picked men to kidnap a\nfew Austrians during the night. The foray is successful, and three are\nbrought before Napoleon, one weeping bitterly. The Emperor asked the\nreason, and found it was because he had charge of his master's girdle,\nand would be thought to have robbed him. The Emperor had him set free\nand ferried across the river, saying, \"We must honour and aid virtue\nwherever it shows itself.\" The next day he started for Saint-Polten\n(already evacuated by Hiller). On his way he saw the ruins of\nDirnstein Castle, where Richard Coeur de Lion had been imprisoned. The\nEmperor's comments were interesting, but are now hackneyed, and are in\nmost histories and memoirs--the parent source being Pelet (vol. ii.\n246).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_Schoenbrunn_, situated a mile from Vienna, across the little river of\nthat name. Constant thus describes it: \"Built in 1754 by the\nEmpress Marie Therese, Schoenbrunn had an admirable position; its\narchitecture, if defective and irregular, was yet of a majestic,\nimposing type. To reach it one has to cross the bridge across the\nlittle river Vienna. Four stone sphinxes ornament this bridge, which\nis very large and well built. Facing the bridge there is a handsome\ngate opening on to a large courtyard, spacious enough for seven or\neight thousand men to manoeuvre in. The courtyard is in the form\nof a quadrangle surrounded by covered galleries and ornamented with\ntwo large basins, in which are marble statues. On both sides of\nthe gateway are two huge obelisks of pink stone surmounted by gilt\neagles.\n\n\"In German, Schoenbrunn means 'fair spring,' and the name is derived\nfrom a fresh and sparkling spring which is situated in the park. It\nwells forth from a little mound on which a tiny grotto has been built,\ncarved within so as to resemble stalactites. Inside the grotto is a\nrecumbent naiad holding a horn, from which the water falls down into a\nmarble basin. In summer this little nook is deliciously cool.\n\n\"The interior of the palace merits nothing but praise. The furniture\nis sumptuous, and in taste both original and distinguished. The\nEmperor's bedroom (the only place in the whole edifice where there was\na chimney) was upholstered in Chinese lacquer-wood of great antiquity,\nyet the painting and gilding were still quite fresh. The study\nadjoining was decorated in a like way. All these apartments, except\nthe bedroom, were heated in winter by immense stoves, which sadly\nspoilt the effect of the other furniture. Between the study and the\nbedroom there was a strange apparatus called a 'flying chair,' a sort\nof mechanical seat, which had been constructed for the Empress Marie\nTherese, and which served to transport her from one floor to another,\nso that she was not obliged to go up and down the staircase like every\none else. The machine was worked in the same way as at theatres, by\ncords, pulleys, and a counter-weight.\" The Emperor drank a glassful\nfrom the beautiful spring, Schoen Brunn, every morning. Napoleon found\nthe people of Vienna less favourable to the French than in 1805; and\nCount Rapp told him \"the people were everywhere tired of us and of our\nvictories.\" \"He did not like these sort of reflections.\"\n\n_May 12th._--On May 13th is dated the _seventh_ bulletin of the\narmy of Germany, but none of the Bulletins 2 to 6 are in the\n_Correspondence_. It states that on the 10th he is before Vienna; the\nArchduke Maximilian refuses to surrender; on the 11th, at 9 P.M., the\nbombardment commences, and by daybreak the city capitulated, and the\nArchduke fled. In his proclamation Napoleon blamed him and the\nhouse of Austria for the bombardment. \"While fleeing from the city,\ntheir adieux to the inhabitants have been murder and arson; like\nMedea, they have with their own hands slain their children.\" The\nViennese had sworn to emulate their ancestors in 1683, and the heroes\nof Saragossa. But Alison (than whom none can do the \"big bow-wow\"\nstyle better) has a thoughtful comment on what really occurred. \"All\nhistory demonstrates that there is one stage of civilisation when the\ninhabitants of a metropolis are capable of such a sacrifice in defence\nof their country, and only one; and that when passed, it is never\nrecovered. The event has proved that the Russians, in 1812, were in\nthe state of progress when such a heroic act was possible, but\nthat the inhabitants of Vienna and Paris had passed it. Most\ncertainly the citizens of London would never have buried themselves\nunder the ruins of the Bank, the Treasury, or Leadenhall Street\nbefore capitulating to Napoleon.\" 1870 and the siege of Paris modify\nthis judgment; but the Prussian bombardment came only at the last,\nand barely reached the centre of the city.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_Ebersdorf._--Written five days after the murderous battle of Essling.\nMontgaillard, whose temper and judgment, as Alison remarks, are not\nequal to his talents, cannot resist a covert sneer (writing under the\nBourbons) at Napoleon's generalship on this occasion, although he adds\na veneer by reminding us that Caesar was defeated at Dyrrachium,\nTurenne at Marienthal, Eugene at Denain, Frederick the Great at Kolin.\nThe crossing of the river was one which none but a victorious army,\nwith another[76] about to join it, could afford to risk, but which\nhaving effected, the French had to make the best of. As Napoleon said\nin his tenth bulletin, \"The passage of a river like the Danube, in\nfront of an enemy knowing perfectly the localities, and having the\ninhabitants on its side, is one of the greatest operations of war\nwhich it is possible to conceive.\" The Danube hereabouts is a thousand\nyards broad, and thirty feet deep. But the rising of its water\nfourteen feet in three days was what no one had expected. At Ebersdorf\nthe first branch of the Danube was 500 yards across to an islet,\nthence 340 yards across the main current to Lobau, the vast island\nthree miles broad and nearly three miles long, separated from the\nfarther bank by another 150 yards of Danube. Bertrand had made\nexcellent bridges, but on the 22nd the main one was carried away by a\nfloating mill.\n\n_Eugene ... has completely performed the task._--At the commencement\nof the campaign the Viceroy was taken unprepared. The Archduke John,\nexactly his own age (twenty-seven), was burning with hatred of France.\nEugene had the impudence, with far inferior forces, to attack him at\nSacile on April 16th, but was repulsed with a loss (including\nprisoners) of 6000 men. It is now necessary to retire, and the\nArchduke follows him leisurely, almost within sight of Verona. By the\nend of April the news of Eckmuehl has reached both armies, and by May\n1st the Austrians are in full retreat. As usual, Napoleon has already\ndivined their altered plan of campaign, and writes from Braunau on\nthis very day, \"I doubt not that the enemy may have retired before\nyou; it is necessary to pursue him with activity, whilst coming to\njoin me as soon as possible _via_ Carinthia. The junction with my army\nwill probably take place beyond Bruck. It is probable I shall be at\nVienna by the 10th to the 15th of May.\" It is the successful\nperformance of this task of joining him and of driving back the enemy\nto which Napoleon alludes in the letter. The Viceroy had been reproved\nfor fighting at Sacile without his cavalry, for his precipitous\nretreat on Verona; and only two days earlier the Emperor had told him\nthat if affairs went worse he was to send for the King of Naples\n(Murat) to take command. \"I am no longer grieved at the blunders you\nhave committed, but because you do not write to me, and give me no\nchance of advising you, and even of regulating my own affairs here\nconformably.\" On May 8th Eugene defeats the Austrians on the Piave,\nand the Archduke John loses nearly 10,000 men and 15 cannon. Harassed\nin their retreat, they regain their own territory on May 14th--the day\nafter the capitulation of Vienna. Henceforward Eugene with part of the\narmy, and Macdonald with the rest, force their way past all\ndifficulties, so that when the junction with the Grand Army occurs at\nBruck, Napoleon sends (May 27th) the following proclamation: \"Soldiers\nof the army of Italy, you have gloriously attained the goal that I\nmarked out for you.... Surprised by a perfidious enemy before your\ncolumns were united, you had to retreat to the Adige. But when you\nreceived the order to advance, you were on the memorable fields of\nArcola, and there you swore on the manes of our heroes to triumph. You\nhave kept your word at the battle of the Piave, at the combats of\nSan-Daniel, Tarvis, and Goritz; you have taken by assault the forts of\nMalborghetto, of Prediel, and made the enemy's divisions, entrenched\nin Prewald and Laybach, surrender. You had not then passed the Drave,\nand already 25,000 prisoners, 60 cannon, and 10 flags signalised your\nvalour.\" This is the proclamation alluded to in this letter to\nJosephine.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_May 29th._--The date is wrong; it should be May 19th or 24th,\nprobably the latter. It sets at rest the vexed question how the Danube\nbridge was broken, and seems to confirm Marbot's version of a floating\nmill on fire, purposely sent down by an Austrian officer of Jaegers,\nwho won the rare order of Maria Theresa thereby--for performing _more_\nthan his duty. Bertrand gained his Emperor's lifelong admiration by\nhis expedients at this time. Everything had to be utilised--anchors\nfor the boat bridges were made by filling fishermen's baskets with\nbullets; and a naval contingent of 1200 bluejackets from Antwerp\nproved invaluable.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_I have ordered the two princes to re-enter France._--After so\ncritical a battle as the battle of Essling the Emperor's first\nthoughts were concerning his succession--had he been killed or\ncaptured. He was therefore seriously annoyed that the heir-apparent\nand his younger brother had both been taken out of the country without\nhis permission. He therefore writes the Queen of Holland on May 28th\nfrom Ebersdorf: \"My daughter, I am seriously annoyed that you have\nleft France without my permission, and especially that you have taken\nmy nephews out of it. Since you are at Baden stay there, but an hour\nafter receiving the present letter send my two nephews back to\nStrasburg to be near the Empress--they ought never to go out of\nFrance. It is the first time I have had reason to be annoyed with\nyou, but you should not dispose of my nephews without my permission,\nyou should realise what a bad effect it will have. Since the waters at\nBaden are doing you good you can stay there a few days, but, I repeat,\nlose not a moment in sending my nephews back to Strasburg. If the\nEmpress is going to the waters at Plombieres they may accompany her\nthere, but they must never pass the bridge of Strasburg.--Your\naffectionate father, Napoleon.\" This letter passed through the hands\nof Josephine at Strasburg, who was so unhappy at not having heard from\nher husband that she opened it, and writes to Hortense on June 1st\nwhen forwarding the letter: \"I advise you to write to him immediately\nthat you have anticipated his intentions, and that your children are\nwith me: that you have only had them a few days in order to see them,\nand to give them a change of air. The page who is announced in\nMeneval's letter has not yet arrived. I hope he will bring me a letter\nfrom the Emperor, and that at least he will not be as vexed with me\nfor your being at Baden. Your children have arrived in excellent\nhealth.\"\n\n_The Duke of Montebello, who died this morning._--The same day he\nwrites to La Marechale as follows:--\n\n\"_Ma Cousine_,--The Marshal died this morning of the wounds that he\nreceived on the field of honour. My sorrow equals yours. I lose the\nmost distinguished general in my whole army, my comrade-in-arms for\nsixteen years, he whom I looked upon as my best friend. His family and\nchildren will always have a special claim on my protection. It is to\ngive you this assurance that I wished to write you this letter, for I\nfeel that nothing can alleviate the righteous sorrow that you will\nexperience.\" The following year he bestowed the highest honour on the\nMarechale that she could receive.\n\n_Thus everything ends._--The fourteenth bulletin says that the end was\ncaused by a pernicious fever, and in spite of Dr. Franck, one of the\nbest physicians in Europe. \"Thus ends one of the most distinguished\nsoldiers France ever possessed.\"[77] He had received thirteen wounds.\nThe death of Lannes, and the whole of the Essling period, is best\ntold by Marbot. The loss of Lannes was a more serious one to Napoleon\nthan the whole 20,000 men lost in this battle. The master himself has\ntold us that \"in war men are nothing, a man is everything.\" They could\nbe replaced: Lannes never. Like Kleber and Desaix, he stood on a\nhigher platform than the older Marshals--except Massena, who had\nserious drawbacks, and who was the only one of Napoleon's best\ngenerals that Wellington met in the Peninsula. Lannes had always the\near of the Emperor, and always told him facts, not flattery. His life\nhad been specially crowded the last few weeks. Rebuked by Napoleon for\ntardiness in supporting Massena at Ebersberg, his life was saved by\nNapoleon himself when he was thrown from his horse into the flooded\nDanube; and finally, on the field of Essling, he had under his orders\nBessieres, the man who had a dozen years before prevented his\nengagement to Caroline Bonaparte by tittle-tattling to Napoleon.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "_Eugene won a battle._--The remnant of the Archduke John's army,\ntogether with Hungarian levies, in all 31,000 men, hold the\nentrenched camp and banks of the Raab. Eugene defeats it, with a\nloss of 6000 men, of whom 3700 were prisoners. Napoleon, in\ncommemoration of the anniversary of Marengo (and Friedland) calls it\nthe little granddaughter of Marengo.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "The curtain of the war's final act was rung up in the twenty-fourth\nbulletin. \"At length there exists no longer the Danube for the French\narmy; General Count Bertrand has completed works which excite\nastonishment and inspire admiration. For 800 yards over the most rapid\nriver in the world he has, in a fortnight, constructed a bridge of\nsixteen arches where three carriages can pass abreast.\"\n\n_Wagram_ is, according to Pelet, the masterpiece of _tactical_\nbattles, while the five days' campaign (Thann to Ratisbon) was one\nlong _strategic_ battle. Nevertheless, respecting Wagram, had the\nArchduke John, with his 40,000 men, turned up, as the Archduke had\nmore right to expect than Wellington had to expect Blucher, Waterloo\nmight have been antedated six years.\n\n_Lasalle_ was a prime favourite of Napoleon, for his sure eye and\nactive bearing. His capture of Stettin with two regiments of hussars\nwas specially noteworthy. Like Lannes he had a strong premonition of\nhis death. Marbot tells a story of how Napoleon gave him 200,000\nfrancs to get married with. A week later the Emperor asked, \"When is\nthe wedding?\" \"As soon as I have got some money to furnish with,\nsire.\" \"Why, I gave you 200,000 francs to furnish with last week! What\nhave you done with them?\" \"Paid my debts with half, and lost the other\nhalf at cards.\" Such an admission would have ruined any other general.\nThe Emperor laughed, and merely giving a sharp tug at Lasalle's\nmoustache, ordered Duroc to give him another 200,000.\n\n_I am sunburnt_, and, as he writes Cambaceres the same day, tired out,\nhaving been sixty out of the previous seventy-two hours in the\nsaddle.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "_Wolkersdorf._--On July 8th he writes General Clarke: \"I have the\nheadquarters lately occupied by the craven Francis II., who contented\nhimself with watching the whole affair from the top of a tower, ten\nmiles from the scene of battle.\" On this day also he dictated his\ntwenty-fifth bulletin, of which the last portion is so skilfully\nutilised in the last scene of Act V. in L'Aiglon. One concluding\nsentence is all that can here be quoted: \"Such is the recital of the\nbattle of Wagram, a decisive and ever illustrious battle, where three\nto four hundred thousand men, twelve to fifteen hundred guns, fought\nfor great stakes on a field of battle, studied, meditated on, and\nfortified by the enemy for many months.\"\n\n_A surfeit of bile._--His usual source of relief after extra work or\nworry. In this case both. Bernadotte had behaved so badly at Wagram,\nthat Napoleon sent him to Paris with the stern rebuke, \"A bungler like\nyou is no good to me.\" But as usual his anger against an old comrade\nis short-lived, and he gives General Clarke permission to send\nBernadotte to command at Antwerp against the English.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "_My affairs follow my wishes._--In Austria, possibly, but not\nelsewhere. Prussia was seething with conspiracy, Russia with\nill-concealed hatred, the English had just landed in Belgium, and\nWellesley had just won Talavera. Soult was apparently no longer\ntrustworthy, Bernadotte a conceited boaster, who had to be publicly\nsnubbed (see The Order of the Day, August 5th, No. 15,614). Clarke and\nCambaceres are so slow that Napoleon writes them (August 10th) \"not to\nlet the English come and take you in bed.\" Fouche shows more energy\nthan every one else put together, calls out National Guards, and sends\nthem off to meet the northern invasion. The Minister of the Interior,\nM. Cretet, had just died, and the Emperor had wisely put Fouche, the\nmost competent man available, into his place for the time being.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 17.",
    "body": "_August 21st._--The list of birthday honours (August 15th) had been a\nfairly long one, Berthier becoming Prince of Wagram, Massena of\nEssling, Davoust of Eckmuehl. Marshals Oudinot and Macdonald, Generals\nClarke, Reynier, Gaudin and Champagny, as also M. Maret, became Dukes.\nMarmont had already, says Savary, been made delirious with the joy of\npossessing a baton.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "_Comedians._--Napoleon found relaxation more after his own heart in\nconversing with the savants of Germany, including the great mechanic\nMaeelzel, with whose automaton chess-player he played a game. Constant\ngives a highly-coloured picture of the sequel: \"The automaton was\nseated before a chess-board, and the Emperor, taking a chair opposite\nthe figure, said laughingly, 'Now, my friend, we'll have a game.' The\nautomaton, bowing, made signs for the Emperor to begin. After two or\nthree moves the Emperor made a wrong one on purpose; the automaton\nbowed and replaced the piece on the board. His Majesty cheated again,\nwhen the automaton bowed again, but this time took the pawn. 'Quite\nright,' said his Majesty, as he promptly cheated for the third time.\nThe automaton then shook its head, and with one sweep of its hand\nknocked all the chessmen down.\"\n\n_Women ... not having been presented._--One woman, however, the\nmistress of Lord Paget, was quite willing to be presented at a late\nhour and to murder him at the same time--at least so says Constant.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "_All this is very suspicious._--For perfectly natural reasons Caesar's\nwife was now above suspicion, but Caesar himself was not so. Madame\nWalewski had been more than a month at Schoenbrunn, and on May 4th,\n1810, Napoleon has a second son born, who fifty years later helped to\nedit his father's _Correspondence_.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "_Krems._--He left here to review Davoust's corps on the field of\nAusterlitz. Afterwards all the generals dined with him, and the\nEmperor said, \"This is the second time I come upon the field of\nAusterlitz; shall I come to it a third time?\" \"Sire,\" replied one,\n\"from what we see every day none dare wager that you will not!\" It was\nthis suppressed hatred that probably determined the Emperor to\ndismantle the fortifications of Vienna, an act that intensified the\nhatred of the Viennese more than his allowing the poor people to help\nthemselves to wood for the winter in the imperial forests had\nmollified them.\n\n_My health has never been better._--His reason for this remark is\nfound in his letter to Cambaceres of the same date, \"They have spread\nin Paris the rumour that I was ill, I know not why; I was never\nbetter.\" The reason of the rumour was that Corvisart had been sent for\nto Vienna, as there had been an outbreak of dysentery among the\ntroops. This was kept a profound secret from France, and Napoleon even\nallowed Josephine to think that Corvisart had attended him (see Letter\n22).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 23.",
    "body": "_October 14th._--Two days before, Stabs, the young Tugendbundist and\nan admirer of Joan of Arc, had attempted to assassinate Napoleon on\nparade with a carving-knife. The Emperor's letter to Fouche of the\n12th October gives the most succinct account:--\n\n\"A youth of seventeen, son of a Lutheran minister of Erfurt, sought to\napproach me on parade to-day. He was arrested by the officers, and as\nthe little man's agitation had been noticed, suspicion was aroused; he\nwas searched, and a dagger found upon him. I had him brought before\nme, and the little wretch, who seemed to me fairly well educated, told\nme that he wished to assassinate me to deliver Austria from the\npresence of the French. I could distinguish in him neither religious\nnor political fanaticism. He did not appear to know exactly who or\nwhat Brutus was. The fever of excitement he was in prevented our\nknowing more. He will be examined when he has cooled down and fasted.\nIt is possible that it will come to nothing. He will be arraigned\nbefore a military commission.\n\n\"I wished to inform you of this circumstance in order that it may not\nbe made out more important than it appears to be. I hope it will not\nleak out; if it does, we shall have to represent the fellow as a\nmadman. If it is not spoken of at all, keep it to yourself. The whole\naffair made no disturbance at the parade; I myself saw nothing of it.\n\n\"_P.S._--I repeat once more, and you understand clearly, that there is\nto be no discussion of this occurrence.\"\n\nCount Rapp saved the Emperor's life on this occasion, and he, Savary,\nand Constant, all give detailed accounts. Their narratives are a\nremarkable object-lesson of the carelessness of the average\ncontemporary spectator in recording dates. Savary gives vaguely the\nend of September, Constant October 13th, and Count Rapp October 23rd.\nIn the present case the date of this otherwise trivial incident is\nimportant, for careless historians assert that it influenced Napoleon\nin concluding peace. In any case it would have taken twenty such\noccurrences to affect Napoleon one hairbreadth, and in the present\ninstance his letter of October 10th to the Russian Emperor proves that\nthe Peace was already settled--all but the signing.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 24.",
    "body": "_Stuttgard._--General Rapp describes this journey as follows: \"Peace\nwas ratified. We left Nymphenburg and arrived at Stuttgard. Napoleon\nwas received in a style of magnificence, and was lodged in the palace\ntogether with his suite. The King was laying out a spacious garden,\nand men who had been condemned to the galleys were employed to labour\nin it. The Emperor asked the King who the men were who worked in\nchains; he replied that they were for the most part rebels who had\nbeen taken in his new possessions. We set out on the following day. On\nthe way Napoleon alluded to the unfortunate wretches whom he had seen\nat Stuttgard. 'The King of Wuertemberg,' said he, 'is a very harsh man;\nbut he is very faithful. Of all the sovereigns in Europe he possesses\nthe greatest share of understanding.'\n\n\"We stopped for an hour at Rastadt, where the Princess of Baden and\nPrincess Stephanie had arrived for the purpose of paying their\nrespects to the Emperor. The Grand Duke and Duchess accompanied him as\nfar as Strasburg. On his arrival in that city he received despatches\nwhich again excited his displeasure against the Faubourg St. Germain.\nWe proceeded to Fontainebleau; no preparations had been made for the\nEmperor's reception; there was not even a guard on duty.\"\n\nThis was on October 26th, at 10 A.M. Meneval asserts that Napoleon's\nsubsequent bad temper was feigned. In any case, the meeting--that\nmoment so impatiently awaited--was a very bad _quart d'heure_ for\nJosephine, accentuated doubtless by Fouche's report of bad conduct on\nthe part of the ladies of St. Germain.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [70] This Archduke was the \"international man\" at this juncture. Louis\n       Bonaparte speaks of a society at Saragossa, of which the object\n       was to make the Archduke Charles king of Spain.\n\n  [71] These Adelphes or Philadelphes were the socialists or educated\n       anarchists of that day. They wished for the _statu quo_ before\n       Napoleon became supreme ruler. They had members in his army,\n       and it seems quite probable that Bernadotte gave them passive\n       support. General Oudet was their recognised head, and he died\n       under suspicious circumstances after Wagram. The society was,\n       unlike the Carbonari, anti-Catholic.\n\n  [72] Pelet, vol. i. 127.\n\n  [73] Pelet, vol. i. 282.\n\n  [74] \"Gaily asking his staff to breakfast with him\" (Pelet).\n\n  [75] Lejeune says \"some hours afterwards.\"\n\n  [76] Eugene's.\n\n  [77] \"What a loss for France and for me,\" groaned Napoleon, as he left\n       his dead friend.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES M",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "According to the _Correspondence of Napoleon I._, No. 16,058, the date\nof this letter is December 17th. It seems, however, possible that it\nis the letter written immediately after his arrival at Trianon,\nreferred to by Meneval, who was, in fact, responsible for it.\nThiers, working from unpublished memoirs of Hortense and Cambaceres,\ngives a most interesting account of the family council, held at 9\nP.M. on Friday, December 15th, at the Tuileries. Constant also\ndescribes the scene, but gives the Empress credit for showing the\nmost self-command of those chiefly interested. The next day, 11 A.M.,\nCount Lacepede introduced the resolutions of the family council to the\nSenatus-Consultus.[78] \"It is to-day that, more than ever before,\nthe Emperor has proved that he wishes to reign only to serve his\nsubjects, and that the Empress has merited that posterity should\nassociate her name with that of Napoleon.\" He pointed out that\nthirteen of Napoleon's predecessors had broken the bonds of matrimony\nin order to fulfil better those of sovereign, and that among these\nwere the most admired and beloved of French monarchs--Charlemagne,\nPhilip Augustus, Louis XII. and Henry IV. This speech and the Decrees\n(carried by 76 votes to 7) are found in the _Moniteur_ of December\n17th, which Napoleon considers sufficiently authentic to send to his\nbrother Joseph as a full account of what occurred, and with no\nfurther comment of his own but that it was the step which he thought\nit his duty to take. The Decrees of the Committee of the Senate\nwere:--\"(1) The marriage contracted between the Emperor Napoleon and\nthe Empress Josephine is dissolved. (2) The Empress Josephine will\nretain the titles and rank of a crowned Empress-Queen.[79] (3) Her\njointure is fixed at an annual revenue of L80,000 from the public\ntreasury.[80] (4) Every provision which may be made by the Emperor\nin favour of the Empress Josephine, out of the funds of the Civil\nList, shall be obligatory on his successors.\" They added separate\naddresses to the Emperor and Empress, and that to the latter seems\nworthy of quotation:--\"Your Imperial and Royal Majesty is about\nto make for France the greatest of sacrifices; history will preserve\nthe memory of it for ever. The august spouse of the greatest of\nmonarchs cannot be united to his immortal glory by more heroic\ndevotion. For long, Madame, the French people has revered your\nvirtues; it holds dear that loving kindness which inspires your every\nword, as it directs your every action; it will admire your sublime\ndevotion; it will award for ever to your Majesty, Empress and\nQueen, the homage of gratitude, respect, and love.\"\n\nFrom a letter of Eugene's to his wife, quoted by Aubenas, it\nappears that he, with his mother, arrived at Malmaison on Saturday\nevening,[81] December 16th, and that it never ceased raining all\nthe next day, which added to the general depression, in spite of, or\nbecause of, Eugene's bad puns. On the evening of the 16th Napoleon\nwas at Trianon, writing letters, and we cannot think that if the\nEmperor had been to Malmaison on the Sunday,[82] Eugene would have\nincluded this without comment in the \"some visits\" they had\nreceived. The Emperor, as we see from the next letter, paid\nJosephine a visit on the Monday.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "The date of this is Tuesday, December 19th, while No. 3 is Wednesday\nthe 20th.\n\n_Savary_, always unpopular with the Court ladies, has now nothing but\nkind words for Josephine. \"She quitted the Court, but the Court did\nnot quit her; it had always loved her, for never had any one been so\nkind.... She never injured any one in the time of her power; she\nprotected even her enemies\"--such as Fouche at this juncture, and\nLucien earlier. \"During her stay at Malmaison, the highroad from Paris\nto this chateau was only one long procession, in spite of the bad\nweather; every one considered it a duty to present themselves at least\nonce a week.\" Later, Marie Louise became jealous of this, and poor\nJosephine had to go to the chateau of Navarre, and finally to leave\nFrance.\n\n_Queen of Naples._--For some reason Napoleon had not wanted this\nsister at Paris this winter, and had written her to this effect from\nSchoenbrunn on October 15th. \"If you were not so far off, and the\nseason so advanced, I would have asked Murat to spend two months in\nParis. But you cannot be there before December, which is a horrible\nseason, especially for a Neapolitan.\"[83] But sister Caroline, \"with\nthe head of a Cromwell on the shoulders of a pretty woman,\" was not\neasy to lead; and her husband had in consequence to bear the full\nweight of the Emperor's displeasure. Murat's finances were in\ndisorder, and Napoleon wrote Champagny on December 30th to tell Murat\nplainly that if the borrowed money was not returned to France, it\nwould be taken by main force.[84]\n\n_The hunt._--In pouring rain, in the forest of St. Germain.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "Thursday, December 21st, is the date.\n\n_The weather is very damp._--Making Malmaison as unhealthy as its\nvery name warranted, and rendering more difficult the task which\nMadame de Remusat had set herself of resting Josephine mentally by\ntiring her physically. This typical toady--Napoleon's Eavesdropper\nExtraordinary--had arrived at Malmaison on December 18th. She\nwrites on the Friday (December 22nd), beseeching her husband to\nadvise the Emperor to moderate the tone of his letters, especially\nthis one (Thursday, December 21st), which had upset Josephine\nfrightfully. Surely a more harmless letter was never penned. But\nit is the Remusat all over; she lives in a chronic atmosphere of\nsuspicion that all her letters are read by the Emperor, and\ntherefore, like Stevenson's nursery rhymes, they are always written\nwith \"one eye on the grown-up person\"[85]--on the grown-up person\n_par excellence_ of France and the century. The opening of letters by\nthe government was doubtless a blemish, which, however, Napoleon\ntried to neutralise by entrusting the Post Office to his wife's\nrelative, Lavalette, a man whose ever-kind heart prevented this\nnecessary espionage degenerating into unnecessary interference\nwith individual rights.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "Date probably Sunday, December 24th.\n\n_King of Bavaria._--Eugene had gone to Meaux to meet his father-in-law,\nwho had put off the \"dog's humour\" which he had shown since the 16th.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "Josephine had gone by special invitation to dine at the little Trianon\nwith Napoleon on Christmas Day, and Madame d'Avrillon says she had a\nvery happy day there. \"On her return she told me how kind the Emperor\nhad been to her, that he had kept her all the evening, saying the\nkindest things to her.\" Aubenas says, \"The repast was eaten in silence\nand gloom,\" but does not give his authority. Eugene, moreover,\nconfirms Madame d'Avrillon in his letter to his wife of December 26th:\n\"My dear Auguste, the Emperor came on Sunday to see the Empress.\nYesterday she went to Trianon to see him, and stayed to dinner. The\nEmperor was very kind and amiable to her, and she seemed to be much\nbetter. Everything points to the Empress being more happy in her new\nposition, and we also.\" On this Christmas Day Napoleon had his last\nmeal with Josephine.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 7.",
    "body": "_Tuileries._--His return from Trianon to this, his official residence,\nmade the divorce more apparent to every one.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "_A house vacant in Paris._--This seems a hint for Josephine. She\nwishes to come to Paris, to the Elysee, and to try a little diplomacy\nof her own in favour of the Austrian match, and she sends secretly to\nMadame de Metternich--whose husband was absent. Eugene more officially\nis approaching Prince Schwartzenberg, the ambassador. Josephine, like\nTalleyrand, wished to heal the schism with Rome by an Austrian\nalliance; while Cambaceres, foreseeing a war with the power not allied\nby marriage, would have preferred the Russian match.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "Thursday, January 4th.\n\n_Hortense._--Louis had tried to obtain a divorce. Cambaceres was\nordered on December 22nd to summon a family council (_New Letters of\nNapoleon I._, No. 234); but the wish of the King was refused\n(verbally, says Louis in his _Historical Documents of Holland_),\nwhereupon he refused to agree to Josephine's divorce, but had to give\nway, and was present at what he calls the farewell festival given by\nthe city of Paris to the Empress Josephine on January 1st. The\necclesiastical divorce was pronounced on January 12th.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 11.",
    "body": "January 7th is the date.\n\n_What charms your society has._--Her repertoire of small talk and\nscandal. He had also lost in her his Agenda, his Journal of Paris.\nStill the visits are growing rarer. This long kind letter was\ndoubtless intended to be specially so, for two days later the clergy\nof Paris pronounced the annulment of her marriage. This was far worse\nthan the pronouncement by the Senate in December, as it meant to her\nthat she and Napoleon had never been properly married at all. The\nEmperor, who hated divorces, and especially _divorcees_, had found\ngreat difficulty in breaking down the barriers he had helped to build,\nfor which purpose _he_ had to be subordinated to his own Senate, _the\nPope_ to his own bishops. Seven of them allowed the annulment of the\nmarriage of 1804 on account of (1) its secrecy, (2) the insufficiency\nof consent of the contracting parties, and (3) the absence of the\nlocal parish priest at the ceremony. The last reason was merely a\ntechnical one; but with respect to the first two it is only fair to\nadmit that Napoleon had undoubtedly, and perhaps for the only time in\nhis life, been completely \"rushed,\" _i.e._ by the Pope and Josephine.\nThe coronation ceremony was waiting, and the Pope, secretly solicited\nby Josephine, insisted on a religious marriage first and foremost. The\nPope suffered forthwith, but the other bill of costs was not exacted\ntill five years after date.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 12.",
    "body": "Wednesday, January 12th.\n\n_King of Westphalia._--Madame Durand (_Napoleon and Marie Louise_)\nsays that, forced to abandon his wife (the beautiful and energetic\nMiss Paterson) and child, Jerome \"had vowed he would never have any\nrelations with a wife who had been thus forced upon him.\" For three\nyears he lavished his attentions upon almost all the beauties of the\nWestphalian court. The queen, an eye-witness of this conduct, bore it\nwith mild and forbearing dignity; she seemed to see and hear nothing;\nin short, her demeanour was perfect. The king, touched by her\ngoodness, weary of his conquests, and repentant of his behaviour, was\nonly anxious for an opportunity of altering the state of things.\nHappily the propitious moment presented itself. The right wing of the\npalace of Cassel, in which the queen's apartments were situated, took\nfire; alarmed by the screams of her women the queen awoke and sprang\nout of her bed, to be caught in the arms of the king and carried to a\nplace of safety. From that time forth the royal couple were united and\nhappy.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 13.",
    "body": "Saturday, January 13th.\n\n_Sensible._--This was now possible after a month's mourning. In the\nearly days, according to Madame Remusat, her mind often wandered, But\nNapoleon himself encouraged the Court to visit her, and the road to\nMalmaison was soon a crowded one. As the days passed, however, life\nbecame sadly monotonous. Reading palled on Josephine, as did whist and\nthe daily feeding of her golden pheasants and guinea-fowls. Remained\n\"Patience\"! Was it the \"General\" she played or the \"Emperor,\" or did\nshe find distraction in the \"Demon\"?",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 14.",
    "body": "_D'Audenarde._--Napoleon's handsome equerry, whom Mlle. d'Avrillon\ncalls \"un homme superbe.\" His mother was Josephine's favourite _dame\ndu palais_. Madame Lalaing, Viscountess d'Audenarde, _nee_ Peyrac, was\none of the old regime who had been ruined by the Revolution.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 16.",
    "body": "Tuesday, January 23rd.\n\nOn January 21st a Privy Council was summoned to approve of Marie\nLouise as their \"choice of a consort, who may give an heir to the\nthrone\" (Thiers). Cambaceres, Fouche, and Murat wished for the Russian\nprincess; Lebrun, Cardinal Fesch, and King Louis for a Saxon one; but\nTalleyrand, Champagny, Maret, Berthier, Fontanes were for Austria.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 18.",
    "body": "Josephine had heard she was to be banished from Paris, and so had\nasked to come to the Elysee to prove the truth or otherwise of the\nrumour.\n\n_L'Elysee._--St. Amand gives the following interesting _precis_:\n\"Built by the Count d'Evreux in 1718, it had belonged in succession to\nthe Marchioness de Pompadour, to the financier Beaujon, a Croesus of\nthe eighteenth century, and to the Duchesse de Bourbon. Having, under\nthe Revolution, become national property, it had been hired by the\ncaterers of public entertainments, who gave it the name of L'Elysee.\nIn 1803 it became the property of Murat, who, becoming King of Naples,\nceded it to Napoleon in 1808. Here Napoleon signed his second\nabdication, here resided Alexander I. in 1815, and here Josephine's\ngrandson effected the _Coup d'Etat_ (1851). When the Senatus-Consultus\nfixed the revenue of Josephine, Napoleon not only gave her whatever\nrights he had in Malmaison, viz., at least 90 per cent. of the total\ncost, but the palace of the Elysee, its gardens and dependencies, with\nthe furniture then in use.\" The latter residence was, however, for her\nlife only.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 19.",
    "body": "February 3rd is the date.\n\n_L'Elysee._--After the first receptions the place is far worse than\nMalmaison. Schwartzenberg, Talleyrand, the Princess Pauline, Berthier,\neven her old friend Cambaceres are giving balls,[86] while the Emperor\ngoes nearly every night to a theatre. The carriages pass by the\nElysee, but do not stop. \"It is as if the palace were in quarantine,\nwith the yellow flag floating.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 20.",
    "body": "_Bessieres' country-house._--M. Masson says Grignon, but unless this\nhouse is called after the chateau of that name in Provence, he must be\nmistaken.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 21.",
    "body": "_Rambouillet._--He had taken the Court with him, and was there from\nFebruary 19th to the 23rd, the date of this letter. While there he had\nbeen in the best of humours. On his return he finds it necessary to\nwrite his future wife and to her father--and to pen a legible letter\nto the latter gives him far more trouble than winning a battle against\nthe Austrians, if not assisted by General Danube.\n\n_Adieu._--Sick and weary, Josephine returns to Malmaison, Friday,\nMarch 9th, and even this is not long to be hers, for the new Empress\nis almost already on her way. The marriage at Vienna took place on\nMarch 11th, with her uncle Charles,[87] the hero of Essling, for\nNapoleon's proxy; on the 13th she leaves Vienna, and on the 23rd\nreaches Strasbourg. On the 27th she meets Napoleon at Compiegne,\nspends three days with him in the chateau there, and arrives at St.\nCloud on April 1st, where the civil marriage is renewed, followed by\nthe triumphal entry into Paris, and the religious ceremony on April\n2nd. This day Josephine reaches the chateau of Navarre.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [78] By here subordinating himself to the Senate, the Emperor was\n       preparing a rod for his own back hereafter.\n\n  [79] This clause gives considerable trouble to Lacepede and Regnauld.\n       They cannot even find a precedent whether, if they met,\n       Josephine or Marie Louise would take precedence of the other.\n\n  [80] In addition to this, Napoleon gives her L40,000 a year from his\n       privy purse, but keeps most of it back for the first two years\n       to pay her 120 creditors. (For interesting details see Masson,\n       _Josephine Repudiee_.)\n\n  [81] Which agrees with Madame d'Avrillon, who says they left the\n       Tuileries at 2.30. Meneval says Napoleon left for Trianon a few\n       hours later. Savary writes erroneously that they left the\n       following morning.\n\n  [82] M. Masson seems to indicate a visit on December 16th, but does\n       not give his authority (_Josephine Repudiee_, 114).\n\n  [83] _Correspondence of Napoleon I._, No. 15,952.\n\n  [84] _New Letters of Napoleon_, 1898.\n\n  [85] Canon Ainger's comparison.\n\n  [86] See Baron Lejeune for an interesting account of a chess quadrille\n       at a dance given by the Italian Minister, Marescalchi.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES N\n\n\n_Navarre_, on the site of an old dwelling of Rollo the Sea-King, was\nbuilt by Jeanne of France, Queen of Navarre, Countess of Evreux. At\nthe time of the Revolution it belonged to the Dukes of Bouillon, and\nwas confiscated. In February 1810, Napoleon determined to purchase it,\nand on March 10th instructed his secretary of state, Maret, to confer\nthe Duchy of Navarre, purchased by letters patent, on Josephine and\nher heirs male. The old square building was, however, utterly unfit to\nbe inhabited: not a window would shut, there was neither paper nor\ntapestry, all the wainscoting was rotten, draughts and damp\neverywhere, and no heating apparatus.[88] What solace to know its\nbeautiful situation, its capabilities? No wonder if her household,\nbanished to such a place, sixty-five miles from the \"capital of\ncapitals,\" should rebel, and secessions headed by Madame Ney become\nfor a time general. Whist and piquet soon grow stale in such a house\nand with such surroundings, and even _trictrac_ with the old bishop of\nEvreux becomes tedious. Eugene as usual brings sunshine in his path,\nand helps to dispel the gloom caused by the idle gossip imported from\nParis--that Josephine is not to return to Malmaison, and the like.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "This was Josephine's second letter, says D'Avrillon, the first being\nanswered _viva voce_ by Eugene.\n\n_To Malmaison._--Napoleon had promised Josephine permission to return\nto Malmaison, and would not recant: his new wife was, however, very\njealous of Josephine, and very much hurt at her presence at Malmaison.\nNapoleon managed to be away from Paris for six weeks after Josephine's\narrival at Malmaison.\n\n\nNo. 1A.\n\n_It is written in a bad style._--M. Masson, however, is loud in\nits praises, and adds, \"Voila donc le protocol du tutoiement\"\nre-established between them in spite of the second marriage, and\ntheir correspondence re-established on the old terms.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "This letter seems to have been taken by Eugene to Paris, and thence\nforwarded to the Emperor with a letter from that Prince in which he\nenumerates Josephine's suggestions and wishes--(1) that she will not\ngo to Aix-la-Chapelle if other waters are suggested by Corvisart;\n(2) that after stopping a few days at Malmaison she will go in June\nfor three months to the baths, and afterwards to the south of\nFrance; visit Rome, Florence, and Naples incognito, spend the winter\nat Milan, and return to Malmaison and Navarre in the spring of\n1811; (3) that in her absence Navarre shall be made habitable, for\nwhich fresh funds are required; (4) that Josephine wishes her\ncousins the Taschers to marry, one a relative of King Joseph, the\nother the Princess Amelie de la Leyen, niece of the Prince Primate.\nTo this Napoleon replies from Compiegne, April 26th, that the De Leyen\nmatch with Louis Tascher may take place,[89] but that he will not\ninterest himself in the other (Henry) Tascher, who is giddy-headed\nand bad-tempered. \"I consent to whatever the Empress does, but I will\nnot confer any mark of my regard on a person who has behaved ill\nto me. I am very glad that the Empress likes Navarre. I am giving\norders to have L12,000 which I owe her for 1810, and L12,000 for 1811\nadvanced to her. She will then have only the L80,000 from the public\ntreasury to come in.... She is free to go to whatever spa she cares\nfor, and even to return to Paris afterwards.\" He thinks, however, she\nwould be happier in new scenes which they had never visited together,\nas they had Aix-la-Chapelle. If, however, the last are the best she\nmay go to them, for \"what I desire above all is that she may keep\ncalm, and not allow herself to be excited by the gossip of Paris.\"\nThis letter goes far to soothe the poor chatelaine of Navarre.\n\n\nNo. 2A.\n\n_Two letters._--The other, now missing, may have some reference to the\npictures to which he refers in his letter to Fouche the next day. \"Is\nit true that engravings are being published with the title of\n_Josephine Beauharnais nee La Pagerie_? If this is true, have the\nprints seized, and let the engravers be punished\" (_New Letters_, No.\n253).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 3.",
    "body": "Probably written from Boulogne about the 25th. His northern tour\nwith Marie Louise had been very similar to one taken in 1804,\nbut his _entourage_ found the new bride very cold and callous\ncompared to Josephine. Leaving Paris on April 29th Napoleon's\n_Correspondence_ till June is dated Laeken (April 30th); Antwerp\n(May 3rd); Bois-le-Duc; Middleburg, Gand, Bruges, Ostend (May\n20th); Lille, Boulogne, Dieppe, Le Havre, Rouen (May 31st). He\ntakes the Empress in a canal barge from Brussels to Malines and\nhimself descends the subterranean vault of the Escaut-Oise canal,\nbetween St. Quentin and Cambrai. He is at St. Cloud on June 2nd.\n\nJosephine has felt his wanderings less, as she has the future\nEmperor, her favourite grandson, with her, the little Oui-Oui, as she\ncalls him, and for whom the damp spring weather of Holland was\ndangerous. She was also at Malmaison from the middle of May to June\n18th. The original collection of _Letters_ (Didot Freres, 1833) heads\nthe letter correctly to the Empress Josephine at _Malmaison_, but the\n_Correspondence_, published by order of Napoleon III., gives it\nerroneously, to the Empress Josephine, _at the Chateau of Navarre_\n(No. 16,537).\n\n_I will come to see you._--He comes for two hours on June 13th, and\nmakes himself thoroughly agreeable. Poor Josephine is light-headed\nwith joy all the evening after. The meeting of the two Empresses\nis, however, indefinitely postponed, and Josephine had now no\nfurther reason to delay her departure. Leaving her little grandson\nLouis behind, she travels under the name of the Countess d'Arberg,\nand she is accompanied by Madame d'Audenarde and Mlle. de Mackau, who\nleft the Princess Stephanie to come to Navarre. M. Masson notes that\nMadame de Remusat needs the Aix waters, and will rejoin Josephine\n(within a week), under pretext of service, and thus obtain her\ncure gratuitously. They go _via_ Lyons and Geneva to Aix-les-Bains.\nM. Masson, who has recently made a careful and complete study of\nthis period, describes the daily round. \"Josephine, on getting out\nof bed, takes conscientiously her baths and douches, then, as usual,\nlies down again until _dejeuner_, 11 A.M., for which the whole of the\nlittle Court are assembled at _The Palace_--wherever she lives, and\nhowever squalid the dwelling-place, her abode always bears this name.\nAfterwards she and her women-folk ply their interminable tapestry,\nwhile the latest novel or play (sent by Barbier from Paris) is read\naloud. And so the day passes till five, when they dress for dinner at\nsix; after dinner a ride. At nine the Empress's friends assemble in\nher room, Mlle. de Mackau sings; at eleven every one goes to bed.\"\nThis programme, however, varies with the weather. Here is St.\nAmand's version (_Dernieres Annees de l'Imperatrice Josephine_, p.\n237): \"A little reading in the morning, an airing (_le promenade_)\nafterwards, dinner at eight on account of the heat, games afterwards,\nand some little music; so passed existence.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "_July 8th._--On July 5th, driving along the Chambery road, Josephine\nmet the courier with a letter from Eugene describing the terrible fire\nat Prince Schwartzenberg's ball, where the Princess de la Leyen,\nmother of young Taschre's bride-elect, was burnt. It is noteworthy\nthat the Emperor makes no allusion to the conflagration. As, however,\nthis is the first letter since the end of May, others may have been\nlost or destroyed.\n\n_You will have seen Eugene_--_i.e._ on his way to Milan, who arrived\nat Aix on July 10th. He had just been made heir to the Grand Duchy of\nFrankfort--a broad hint to him and to Europe that Italy would be\neventually united to France under Napoleon's dynasty. This was the\nnadir of the Beauharnais family--Josephine _repudiee_, Hortense\nunqueened and unwed,[90] and Eugene's expectations dissipated, and all\nwithin a few short months. Eugene had left his wife ill at Geneva,\nwhither Josephine goes to visit her the next day, duly reporting her\nvisit to Napoleon in her letter of July 14th (see No. 5). Geneva was\nalways the home of the disaffected, and so the Empress had to be\nspecially tactful, and the De Remusat reports: \"She speaks of the\nEmperor as of a brother, of the new Empress as the one who will give\nchildren to France, and if the rumours of the latter's condition be\ncorrect, I am certain she will be delighted about it.\"\n\n_That unfortunate daughter is coming to France_--_i.e._ to reside when\nshe is not at St. Leu (given to her by Napoleon) or at the waters. On\nthe present occasion she has been at Plombieres a month or more. On\nJuly 10th Napoleon instructs the Countess de Boubers to bring the\nGrand Duke of Berg to Paris, \"whom he awaits with impatience\"\n(_Brotonne_, 625).",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "_The conduct of the King of Holland has worried me._--This was in\nMarch, and by May the crisis was still more acute and Napoleon's\npatience exhausted. On May 20th he writes: \"Before all things be a\nFrenchman and the Emperor's brother, and then you may be sure you are\nin the path of the true interests of Holland. Good sense and policy\nare necessary to the government of states, not sour unhealthy bile.\"\nAnd three days later: \"Write me no more of your customary twaddle;\nthree years now it has been going on, and every instant proves its\nfalsehood! This is the last letter I shall ever write you in my\nlife.\"\n\nLouis at one time determined on war, and rather than surrender\nAmsterdam, to cut the dykes. The Emperor hears of this, summons his\nbrother, and practically imprisons him until he countermands the\ndefence of Amsterdam.\n\nOn July 1st Louis abdicated and fled to Toeplitz in Bohemia. Napoleon\nis terribly grieved at the conduct of his brother, who would never\nrealise that the effective Continental blockade was Napoleon's last\nsheet-anchor to force peace upon England.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 6.",
    "body": "_To die in a lake_--_i.e._ the Lake of Bourget, shut in by the Dent du\nChat, where a white squall had nearly capsized the sailing boat.\nJosephine had been on July 26th to visit the abbey Haute-Combe, place\nof sepulture of the Princes of Savoy, and the storm had overtaken her\non the return voyage.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 8.",
    "body": "_Paris, this Friday._--A very valuable note of M. Masson (_Josephine\nRepudiee_, 198) enables us to fix this letter at its correct date. He\nsays: \"It has to do with the exile of Madame de la T---- (viz., the\nPrincess Louis de la Tremoille), which takes place on September 28th,\n1810, and this 28th September is also a Friday: there is also the\nquestion of Mlle. de Mackau being made a baroness\" (and this lady had\nnot joined the Court of Josephine till May 1810); \"lastly, the B----\nmentioned therein can only be Barante, the Prefect, whose dismissal\n(from Geneva) almost coincides with this letter.\" It may be added\nthat the La Tremoille family was one of the oldest in France, allied\nwith the Condes, and consequently with the Bourbons. Barante's fault\nhad been connivance at the letters and conduct of Madame de Stael.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 9.",
    "body": "_The only suitable places ... are either Milan or Navarre._--Milan had\nbeen her own suggestion conveyed by Eugene, but Napoleon, two months\nlater, had told her she could spend the winter in France, and in spite\nof danger signals (\"inspired by diplomacy rather than devotion\" [91])\nfrom Madame de Remusat (in her fulsome and tedious \"despatch\" sent\nfrom Paris in September, and probably inspired by the Emperor himself)\nshe manages to get to Navarre, and even to spend the first fortnight\nof November at Malmaison. Before leaving Switzerland Josephine refuses\nto risk an interview with Madame de Stael. \"In the first book she\npublishes she will not fail to report our conversation, and heaven\nknows how many things she will make me say that I have never even\nthought of.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 10.",
    "body": "In spite of the heading Josephine was at Malmaison on this day, and\nNapoleon writes Cambaceres: \"My cousin, the Empress Josephine not\nleaving for Navarre till Monday or Tuesday, I wish you to pay her a\nvisit. You will let me know on your return how you find her\"\n(_Brotonne_,721). The real reason is to hasten her departure, and she\ngets to Navarre November 22nd (Thursday).\n\n_The Empress progresses satisfactorily._--Napoleon writes to this\neffect to her father, the Emperor of Austria, on the same day: \"The\nEmpress is very well.... It is impossible that the wife for whom I am\nindebted to you should be more perfect. Moreover, I beg your Majesty\nto rest assured that she and I are equally attached to you.\"\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [87] On this occasion Baron Lejeune sees the Archduke Charles, and\n       remarks: \"There was nothing in his quiet face with its grave\n       and gentle expression, or in his simple, modest, unassuming\n       manner, to denote the mighty man of war; but no one who met his\n       eyes could doubt him to be a genius.\"\n\n  [88] \"This gloomy and forsaken chateau,\" says St. Amand, \"whose only\n       attraction was the half-forgotten memory of its vanished\n       splendours, was a fit image of the woman who came to seek\n       sanctuary there.\"\n\n  [89] He endows the husband with L4000 a year, and the title of Count\n       Tascher.\n\n  [90] \"Une epouse sans epoux, et une reine sans royaume\"--St. Amand.\n\n  [91] Aubenas.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES O",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "_The New Year._--On this occasion, instead of her usual gifts\n(_etrennes_) she organised a lottery of jewels, of which Madame\nDucrest gives a full account. Needless to say, Josephine worked the\noracle so that every one got a suitable gift--including the old Bishop\n(see next note).\n\n_More women than men._--The Bishop of Evreux (Mgr. Bourlier) was the\nmost welcome guest. He amused Josephine, and although eighty years of\nage, could play _trictrac_ and talk well on any subject. Madame de\nRemusat wrote her husband concerning him, \"We understand each other\nvery well, he and I.\"\n\n_Keep well._--At Navarre Josephine lost her headaches, and put on\nflesh.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "There is a full account of the birth of the King of Rome in Napoleon's\nletter to the Emperor of Austria on March 20 (No. 17,496). The letter\nof this date to Josephine is missing, but is referred to by\nD'Avrillon. It began, \"My dear Josephine, I have a son. I am _au\ncomble de bonheur_.\"\n\n_Eugene._--Josephine much appreciated this allusion. \"Is it possible,\"\nshe said, \"for any one to be kinder than the Emperor, and more anxious\nto mitigate whatever might be painful for me at the present moment, if\nI loved him less sincerely? This association of my son with his own is\nwell worthy of him who, when he likes, is the most fascinating of all\nmen.\" She gave a costly ring to the page who brought the letter.\n\nOn the previous day Eugene had arrived at Navarre,--sent by the\nEmperor. \"You are going to see your mother, Eugene; tell her I am sure\nthat she will rejoice more than any one at my happiness. I should have\nalready written to her if I had not been absorbed by the pleasure of\nwatching my boy. The moments I snatch from his side are only for\nmatters of urgent necessity. This event, I shall acquit myself of the\nmost pleasant of them all by writing to Josephine.\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "Written in November 1811.\n\n_As fat as a good Normandy farmeress._--Madame d'Abrantes, who saw her\nabout this time, writes: \"I observed that Josephine had grown very\nstout[92] since the time of my departure for Spain. This change was at\nonce for the better and the worse. It imparted a more youthful\nappearance to her face; but her slender and elegant figure, which had\nbeen one of her principal attractions, had entirely disappeared. She\nhad now decided _embonpoint_, and her figure had assumed that matronly\nair which we find in the statues of Agrippina, Cornelia, &c. Still,\nhowever, she looked uncommonly well, and she wore a dress which became\nher admirably. Her judicious taste in these matters contributed to\nmake her appear young much longer than she otherwise would. The best\nproof of the admirable taste of Josephine is the marked absence of\nelegance shown by Marie Louise, though both Empresses employed the\nsame milliners and dressmakers, and Marie Louise had a large sum\nallotted for the expenses of her toilet.\"\n\nSt. Amand says that 1811 was for Josephine a happy year, compared to\nthose which followed.\n\n\n\n\nSERIES P",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 1.",
    "body": "Written from Konigsberg (M. Masson, in _Josephine Repudiee_, says\nDantzig; but on June 11th Napoleon writes to Eugene, \"I shall be at\nKonigsberg to-morrow,\" where his correspondence is dated from\nhenceforward). A day or two later he writes the King of Rome's\ngoverness that he trusts to hear soon that the fifteen months old\nchild has cut his first four teeth.",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 2.",
    "body": "_Gumbinnen, June 20th._--From this place and on this date goes forth\nthe first bulletin of the _Grande Armee_. It gives a _resume_ of the\ncauses of the war, dating from the end of 1810, when English influence\nagain gained ascendency.\n\nOn July 29th he writes Hortense from Witepsk to congratulate her on\nher eldest son's recovery from an illness. A week later he writes his\nlibrarian for some amusing novels--new ones for choice, or old ones\nthat he has not read--or good memoirs.\n\nJosephine meanwhile has permission to go to Italy. Owing to her\ngrandson's illness she defers starting till July 16th. Through\nfrightful weather she reaches Milan _via_ Geneva on July 28th, and has\na splendid reception. On the 29th she writes to Hortense: \"I have\nfound the three letters from Eugene, the last one dated the 13th; his\nhealth is excellent. He still pursues the Russians, without being able\nto overtake them. It is generally hoped the campaign may be a short\none. May that hope be realised!\" Two days later she announces the\nbirth of Eugene's daughter Amelia, afterwards Empress of Brazil.\nTowards the end of August Josephine goes to Aix and meets the Queen of\nSpain with her sister Desiree Bernadotte, the former \"kind and amiable\nas usual,\" the latter \"very gracious to me\"--rather a new experience.\nFrom Aix she goes to Pregny-la-Tour, on the Lake of Geneva, and shocks\nthe good people in various ways, says M. Masson, especially by\ninnuendoes against Napoleon; and he adds, \"if one traces back to their\nsource the worst calumnies against the morals of the Emperor, it is\nJosephine that one encounters there.\" She gets to Malmaison October\n24th. Soon after his return from Moscow Napoleon pays her a visit, and\nabout this time she begins to see the King of Rome, whose mother has\nalways thought more of her daily music and drawing lessons than of\nwhether she was making her son happy or not.\n\n1812 closed in gloom, but 1813 was in itself terribly ominous to so\nsuperstitious a woman as Josephine. Thirteen is always unlucky, and\nmoreover the numbers of 1813 add up to 13; also the doom-dealing year\nbegan on a Friday. Every one felt the hour approaching. As Napoleon\nsaid at St. Helena: \"The star grew pale; I felt the reins slipping\nfrom my hand, and I could do no more. A thunderbolt could alone have\nsaved us, and every day, by some new fatality or other, our chances\ndiminished. Sinister designs began to creep in among us; fatigue and\ndiscouragement had won over the majority; my lieutenants became lax,\nclumsy, careless, and consequently unfortunate; they were no longer\nthe men of the commencement of the Revolution, nor even of the time of\nmy good fortune. The chief generals were sick of the war; I had gorged\nthem too much with my high esteem, with too many honours and too much\nwealth. They had drunk from the cup of pleasure, and wished to enjoy\npeace at any price. _The sacred fire was quenched._\"\n\nUp to August Fortune had smiled again upon her favourite. With\nconscripts for infantry and without cavalry he had won Lutzen,\nBautzen, and Dresden; and even so late as September Byron was writing\nthat \"bar epilepsy and the elements he would back Napoleon against the\nfield.\" But treachery and incompetence had undermined the Empire, and\nLeipsic (that battle of giants, where 110,000 soldiers were killed and\nwounded) made final success hopeless. In 1814 his brothers Lucien and\nLouis rallied to him, and Hortense was for the only time proud of her\nhusband. She thinks if he had shown less suspicion and she less pride\nthey might have been happy after all. \"My husband is a good Frenchman\n... he is an honest man.\" Meanwhile, Talleyrand is watching to guide\nthe _coup de grace_. Napoleon makes a dash for Lorraine to gather his\ngarrisons and cut off the enemy's supplies. The Allies hesitate and\nare about to follow him, as per the rules of war. Talleyrand, the only\nman who could ever divine Napoleon, sends them the message, \"You can\ndo everything, and you dare nothing; dare therefore _once_!\" Hortense\nis the only _man_ left in Paris, and in vain she tries to keep Marie\nLouise, whose presence would have stimulated the Parisians to hold the\nAllies at bay. It is in vain. Unlike Prussia or Austria who fought\nfor months, or Spain who fought for years, after their capitals were\ntaken:--\n\n  \"Like Nineveh, Carthage, Babylon and Rome,\n  France yields to the conqueror, vanquished at home.\"\n\nAfter Marmont's betrayal Napoleon attempts suicide, and when he\nbelieves death imminent sends a last message to Josephine by\nCaulaincourt, \"You will tell Josephine that my thoughts were of her\nbefore life departed.\"\n\nIt was on Monday, May 23rd, that Josephine's illness commenced, after\nreceiving at dinner the King of Prussia and his sons (one afterwards\nWilhelm der Greise, first Emperor of Germany). Whether the sore throat\nwhich killed her was a quinsy or diphtheria[93] is difficult to prove,\nbut the latter seems the more probable. Corvisart, who was himself ill\nand unable to attend, told Napoleon that she died of grief and worry.\nBefore leaving for the Waterloo campaign Napoleon visited Malmaison,\nand there, as Lord Rosebery reminds us, allowed his only oblique\nreproach to Marie Louise to escape him: \"Poor Josephine. Her death, of\nwhich the news took me by surprise at Elba, was one of the most acute\ngriefs of that fatal year, 1814. She had her failings, of course; _but\nshe, at any rate, would never have abandoned me_.\"\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [92] Mlle. d'Avrillon says that during the Swiss voyage Josephine\n       found it desirable, for the first time, to \"wear whalebone in\n       her corsets.\"\n\n  [93] The same question may be asked respecting the death of\n       Montaigne.\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX (1)\n\nA REPUTED POEM BY NAPOLEON I.\n\n\nLE CHIEN, LE LAPIN, ET LE CHASSEUR.\n\nFABLE.--_Composee a l'age de 13 ans, par_ NAPOLEON I.\n\n      Cesar, chien d'arret renomme,\n      Mais trop enfle de son merite,\n      Tennait arrete dans son gite\n  Un malheureux lapin de peur inanime.\n  \"Rends-toi!\" lui cria-t-il, d'une voix de tonerre\n  Qui fit au loin trembler les peuplades des bois.\n  \"Je suis Cesar, connu par ses exploits,\n  Et dont le nom remplit toute la terre.\"\n      A ce grand nom, Jeannot Lapin,\n  Recommandant a Dieu son ame penitente,\n      Demande d'une voix tremblante:\n      \"Tres-serenissime matin,\n  Si je me rends quel sera mon destin?\"\n  \"Tu mourras.\" \"Je mourrai!\" dit la bete innocente.\n  \"Et si je fuis?\" \"Ton trepas est certain.\"\n  \"Quoi!\" reprit l'animal qui se nourrit de thym,\n  \"Des deux cotes je dois perdre la vie!\n      Que votre auguste seigneurie\n  Veuille me pardonner, puisqu'il me faut mourir,\n      Si j'ose tenter de m'enfuir.\"\n  Il dit, et fuit en heros de garenne.\n  Caton l'aurait blame; je dis qu'il n'eut pas tort.\n      Car le chasseur le voit a peine\n  Qu'il l'ajuste, le tire--et le chien tombe mort\n  Que dirait de ceci notre bon La Fontaine?\n      Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera.\n      I'approuve fort cette methode-la.\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX (2)\n\nGENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY\n\n\nMany more or less fictitious genealogies of the Bonapartes have been\npublished, some going back to mythical times. The first reliable\nrecord, however, seems to be that of a certain Bonaparte of Sarzana,\nin Northern Italy, an imperial notary, who was living towards the end\nof the thirteenth century, and from whom both the Corsican and the\nTrevisan or Florentine Bonapartes claim their origin. From him in\ndirect line was descended Francois de Sarzana, who was sent to Corsica\nin 1509 to fight for the Republic of Genoa. His son Gabriel, having\nsold his patrimony in Italy, settled in Ajaccio, where he bore the\nhonourable title of Messire, and where, being left a widower, he\nassumed the tonsure and died Canon of the cathedral.\n\nFrom him an unbroken line of Bonapartes, all of whom in turn were\nelected to the dignity of Elder of Ajaccio, brings us to Charles\nBonaparte Napoleon, father of the Emperor.\n\n\n\n\nAPPENDIX (3)\n\n  REPUTED LETTERS OF NAPOLEON TO JOSEPHINE. TAKEN FROM THE MEMOIRS\n  OF MADAME DUCREST.\n\n\nThe author asked the advice of Monsieur Frederic Masson about\nthese Letters, to which he at once received the courteous reply, \"Il\nfaut absolument rejeter les Lettres publiees par Regnault Varin[94] et\nreproduites par Georgette Ducrest; pas une n'est authentique.\" No one\nwho has read much of Napoleon's correspondence can in fact believe for\na moment in their authenticity. They are interesting, however, as\nshowing the sort of stuff which went to form our grandfathers'\nfallacies about the relations of Napoleon and Josephine. Madame\nDucrest occasionally played and sang for Josephine after the\ndivorce. Her father was a nephew of Madame de Genlis. Madame\nDucrest married a musical composer, M. Bochsa, the then celebrated\nauthor of _Dansomanie_ and _Noces de Gamache_. He afterwards\ndeserted her, and her voice having completely failed, she was\ncompelled to write her Memoirs to earn sustenance thereby. Of these\nMemoirs M. Masson has said,[95] that \"in the midst of apocryphal\ndocuments, uncontroverted anecdotes, impossible situations, are yet\nto be found some first-hand personal observations.\"\n\n\nNo. 1.--1796.\n\nFROM GENERAL BONAPARTE TO HIS WIFE.\n\nMy first laurel, my love, must be for my country; my second shall be\nfor you. While beating Alvinzi I thought of France; when I had\ndefeated him I thought of you. Your son will present to you a standard\nwhich he received from Colonel Morbach, whom he made prisoner with his\nown hands. Our Eugene, you see, is worthy of his father; and I trust\nyou do not think me an unworthy successor of the great and unfortunate\ngeneral, under whom 1 should have been proud to learn to conquer. I\nembrace you.\n\n  BONAPARTE.\n\n\nNo. 2.--1804.\n\nTO GENERAL BONAPARTE.\n\nI have read over your letter, my dear, perhaps for the tenth time, and\nI must confess that the astonishment it caused me has given way only\nto feelings of regret and alarm. You wish to raise up the throne of\nFrance, and that, not for the purpose of seating upon it those whom\nthe Revolution overthrew, but to place yourself upon it. You say, how\nenterprising, how grand and, above all, useful is this design; but I\nshould say, how many obstacles oppose its execution, what sacrifices\nwill its accomplishment demand, and when realised, how incalculable\nwill be its results? But let us suppose that your object were already\nattained, would you stop at the foundation of the new empire? That new\ncreation, being opposed by neighbouring states, would stir up war with\nthem and perhaps entail their ruin. Their neighbours, in their turn,\nwill not behold it without alarm or without endeavouring to gratify\ntheir revenge by checking it. And at home, how much envy and\ndissatisfaction will arise; how many plots must be put down, how many\nconspiracies punished! Kings will despise you as an upstart, subjects\nwill hate you as an usurper, and your equals will denounce you as a\ntyrant. None will understand the necessity of your elevation; all will\nattribute it to ambition or pride. You will not want for slaves to\ncrouch beneath your authority until, seconded by some more formidable\npower, they rise up to oppose you; happy will it be if poison or the\npoignard!... But how can a wife, a friend dwell on these dreadful\nanticipations!\n\nThis brings my thoughts back to myself, about whom I should care but\nlittle were my personal interests alone concerned. But will not the\nthrone inspire you with the wish to contract new alliances? Will you\nnot seek to support your power by new family connections? Alas!\nwhatever those connections may be, will they compensate for those\nwhich were first knit by corresponding fitness, and which affection\npromised to perpetuate? My thoughts linger on the picture which\nfear--may I say love, traces in the future. Your ambitious project has\nexcited my alarm; console me by the assurance of your moderation.\n\n\nNo. 3.--_December 1809._\n\nTO THE EMPEROR.\n\nMy forebodings are realised! You have just pronounced the word which\nseparates us for ever; the rest is nothing more than mere formality.\nSuch, then, is the result, I shall not say of so many sacrifices (they\nwere light to me, since they had you for their object), but of an\nunbounded friendship on my part and of the most solemn oaths on yours!\nIt would be a consolation for me if the state which you allege as your\nmotive were to repay my sacrifice by justifying your conduct! But that\npublic consideration which you urge as the ground for deserting me is\na mere pretence on your part. Your mistaken ambition has ever been,\nand will continue to be, the guide of all your actions, a guide which\nhas led you to conquests and to the assumption of a crown, and is now\ndriving you on to disasters and to the brink of a precipice.\n\nYou speak of the necessity of contracting an alliance, of giving an\nheir to your empire, of founding a dynasty! But with whom are you\nabout to form an alliance? with the natural enemy of France, that\nartful house of Austria, whose detestation of our country has its rise\nin its innate feelings, in its system, in the laws of necessity. Do\nyou believe that this hatred, of which she has given us such abundant\nproof, more particularly for the last fifty years, has not been\ntransferred by her from the kingdom of France to the French empire?\nThat the children of Maria Theresa, that skilful sovereign, who\npurchased from Madame de Pompadour the fatal treaty of 1756, which you\nnever mention without shuddering; do you imagine, I repeat, that her\nposterity, when inheriting her power, has not also inherited her\nspirit? I am merely repeating what you have so often said to me; but\nat that time your ambition was satisfied with humbling a power which\nyou now find it convenient to restore to its former rank. Believe me,\nas long as you shall exercise a sway over Europe, that power will be\nsubmissive to you; but beware of reverses of fortune.\n\nAs to the necessity of an heir, I must speak out, at the risk of\nappearing in the character of a mother prejudiced in favour of her\nson; ought I, in fact, to be silent when I consider the interests of\none who is my only delight, and upon whom alone you had built all your\nhopes? That adoption of the 12th of January 1806 was then another\npolitical falsehood! Nevertheless the talents, the virtues of my\nEugene are no illusion. How often have you not spoken in his praise? I\nmay say more; you thought it right to reward him by the gift of a\nthrone, and have repeatedly said that he was deserving of greater\nfavours. Well, then! France has frequently re-echoed these praises;\nbut you are now indifferent to the wishes of France.\n\nI say nothing to you at present of the person who is destined to\nsucceed me, and you do not expect that I should make any allusion to\nthis subject. You might suspect the feelings which dictated my\nlanguage; nevertheless, you can never doubt of the sincerity of my\nwishes for your happiness; may it at least afford me some consolation\nfor my sufferings. Great indeed will be that happiness if it should\never bear any proportion to them!",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 4.",
    "body": "PART OF A LETTER SAID TO BE DATED BRIENNE, 1814.\n\n\"... On revisiting this spot, where I passed my youthful days, and\ncontrasting the peaceful condition I then enjoyed with the state of\nterror and agitation to which my mind is now a prey, often have I\naddressed myself in these words: 'I have sought death in numberless\nengagements; I can no longer dread its approach; I should now hail it\nas a boon ... nevertheless, I could still wish to see Josephine once\nmore!'\"",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  },
  {
    "heading": "No. 5.",
    "body": "TO THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE, AT MALMAISON.\n\n  _Fontainebleau, 16th April 1814_.\n\n_My dear Josephine_,--I wrote to you on the 8th instant (it was on a\nFriday). You have perhaps not received my letter; fighting was still\ngoing on; it is possible that it may have been stopped on its way. The\ncommunications must now be re-established. My determination is taken;\nI have no doubt of this note coming to your hands.\n\nI do not repeat what I have already told you. I then complained of my\nsituation; I now rejoice at it. My mind and attention are relieved\nfrom an enormous weight; my downfall is great, but it is at least said\nto be productive of good.\n\nIn my retreat I intend to substitute the pen for the sword. The\nhistory of my reign will gratify the cravings of curiosity. Hitherto,\nI have only been seen in profile; I will now show myself in full to\nthe world. What facts have I not to disclose! how many men are\nincorrectly estimated! I have heaped favours upon a countless number\nof wretches; what have they latterly done for me?\n\nThey have all betrayed me, one and all, save and except the excellent\nEugene, so worthy of you and of me. May he ever enjoy happiness under\na sovereign fully competent to appreciate the feelings of nature and\nof honour!\n\nAdieu, my dear Josephine; follow my example and be resigned. Never\ndismiss from your recollection one who has never forgotten, and never\nwill forget you! Farewell, Josephine.\n\n  NAPOLEON.\n\n_P.S._--I expect to hear from you when I shall have reached the island\nof Elba. I am far from being in good health.\n\n\nFOOTNOTES\n\n  [94] _Memoires et Correspondance de l'Imperatrice Josephine_, par _J.\n       B. J. Innocert Philadelphe Regnault Varin_. Paris, 1820, 8^o.\n       This book is not in the British Museum Catalogue.\n\n  [95] _Josephine Imperatrice et Reine_, Paris, 1899.\n\n\n\n\nINDEX OF PERSONS\n\n_Excluding_ NAPOLEON _and_ JOSEPHINE, _which occur on nearly every\npage_.\n\n\n  Abercromby, Sir Ralph, 49\n\n  Abrantes, Mdme. Junot, Duchesse d', 190, 199, 229, 230, 231, 242, 247,\n        254, 261, 265, 266, 278, 312\n\n  Achille. (_See_ Murat)\n\n  Agrippina, 312\n\n  Ainger, Canon, 298\n\n  Albufera, Duke of. (_See_ Suchet)\n\n  Aldobrandini, Prince, 149\n\n  Alexander the Great, 185\n\n  Alison, Sir A. (historian), 74, 119, 255, 264, 272, 286\n\n  Alvinzi, Marshal, 30, 34, 35, 218, 221, 318\n\n  Amand, Saint, _see_ S. Imbert de (author), 4, 172, 199, 212, 221, 223,\n        243, 245, 251, 256, 257, 267, 269, 302, 304, 307, 308, 312\n\n  Amelia (daughter of Eugene), 313\n\n  Angouleme, Duc d', 190, 196, 197\n\n  Anhalt, Prince of, 270\n\n  Arberg, Mdme. d', 176\n\n  Arch-Chancellor. (_See_ Cambaceres)\n\n  Argenteau, D', 9\n\n  Arnault (author), 212\n\n  Artois, Comte d', 196, 197\n\n  Aubenas, 172, 200, 201, 216, 225, 226, 228, 241, 257, 259, 260, 297,\n        299\n\n  Audenarde, D', 162, 302\n  ----  Madame Lalaing, Viscountess d', 302, 307\n\n  Augereau, Marshal, 24, 38, 57, 70, 90, 154, 196, 214, 254, 255, 267\n\n  Auguie, Mlle. Aglae Louise, 231\n\n  Auguste, Princess of Bavaria (then wife of Eugene). (_See_ Beauharnais,\n        Auguste)\n\n  Augustus, Emperor, 52, 228\n\n  Austria, Emperor of, 186, 197, 218, 223, 240\n  ----  Empress of, 186\n\n  Avrillon, Mlle, d', 82, 174, 225, 233, 256, 297, 299, 302, 305, 311,\n        312\n\n\n  Baccioli, Eliza (Bonaparte), 63, 122\n\n  Baden, Princess Wilhelmina of, 77, 236, 295\n  ----  Grand Duchess of. (_See_ Beauharnais, Stephanie)\n  ----  Prince of, 242, 243, 245, 270\n\n  Bagration, General, 187, 188\n\n  Baird, General Sir David, 42, 49, 143\n\n  Bajazet, 272\n\n  Barante, De (Prefect of Geneva), 309, 310\n\n  Barbier (Napoleon's librarian), 307\n\n  Barras, Count de, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 38, 199, 205, 207, 221, 247, 248\n\n  Bathurst, Benj., 154\n\n  Bausset (Prefect of Imperial Palace), 267, 269, 273\n\n  Bavaria, Elector, then King of, 77, 122, 144, 159, 161, 242, 243, 265,\n        266, 270, 299\n  ----  Electress, then Queen of, 70, 161, 243, 265\n  ----  Prince Royal of, 281\n\n  Bayard, Chevalier, 235, 243\n\n  Beauharnais, Eugene (Viceroy of Italy), 6, 21, 31, 44, 51, 58, 59, 60,\n        63, 66, 68, 78, 106, 121, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,\n        150, 152, 159, 162, 164, 170, 171, 172, 179, 187, 188, 189, 190,\n        191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 216, 224, 228, 229, 234, 242,\n        243, 244, 254, 256, 264, 265, 266, 276, 277, 282, 286, 287, 290,\n        297, 299, 305, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 318, 320, 321\n\n  Beauharnais, Auguste (wife of Eugene), 121, 186, 242, 264, 265, 266,\n        299\n  ----  Hortense, 6, 10, 11, 12, 31, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, 66, 68, 78,\n        79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 93, 111, 112, 113, 127,\n        137, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 159, 160, 165, 172, 173, 175,\n        176, 180, 216, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235, 237, 244, 247, 254,\n        259, 261, 262, 263, 268, 269, 288, 289, 296, 300, 308, 313, 314\n  ----  Stephanie, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 242, 243, 244, 254, 271,\n        295\n  ----  Fanny (daughter of Count), 243\n\n  Beaujon (financier), 302\n\n  Beaulieu, General, 6, 7, 10, 11, 38, 204, 205, 208, 209\n\n  Becker, General, 81\n\n  Bellegarde, General, 49, 195, 197\n\n  Bennigsen or Beningsen, General, 90, 188, 193, 254\n\n  Bentinck, General, 193\n\n  Bentley, 227\n\n  Berg, Napoleon Louis, Grand Duke of, 82, 137, 144, 147, 148, 150, 172,\n        173, 263, 308\n\n  Bernadotte, Marshal, 38, 41, 57, 80, 81, 83, 95, 106, 113, 174, 185,\n        188, 192, 193, 246, 254, 255, 257, 279, 291, 292\n  ----  Desiree (_nee_ Clary), 38, 246, 313\n\n  Berthier, Marshal, 33, 57, 141, 214, 224, 229, 246, 251, 259, 265, 270,\n        280, 292, 302, 303\n\n  Bertrand, General, 259, 287, 288, 290\n\n  Bessieres, Marshal, 57, 106, 128, 136, 139, 149, 165, 190, 260, 290,\n        303\n\n  Bignon, Baron (historian), 55, 75, 255, 258, 262\n\n  Billington, Mistress, 224\n\n  Bingham, Captain D. A., 204, 208, 256\n\n  Blake (Field-Marshal and Spanish General), 135, 136, 148, 181\n\n  Blucher, Field-Marshal, 83, 192, 193, 194, 195, 246, 250, 278, 291\n\n  Bonaparte, Joseph (King of Spain), 21, 38, 77, 128, 143, 150, 187, 191,\n        196, 199, 200, 201, 228, 237, 258, 265, 266, 273, 296, 305\n  ----  Louis, 50, 53, 59, 77, 172, 173, 214, 220, 228, 261, 263, 268,\n        269, 279, 300, 302, 308, 309, 314\n  ----  Jerome (King of Westphalia), 117 118, 160, 161, 242, 261, 270,\n        301\n  ----  Lucien, 228, 229, 230, 247, 253, 265, 266, 297, 314\n  ----  Caroline. (_See_ Murat, Madame)\n  ----  Eliza. (_See_ Lucca, Princess of)\n\n  Bonaparte Family, The, 317. (Appendix 2)\n\n  Bonpland, Aime, 226\n\n  Borghese, Prince, 99, 115\n  ----  Pauline, 99, 303\n\n  Boubers, Countess de, 308\n\n  Bouillet (lexicographer), 74, 248\n\n  Bouillon, Duke of, 304\n\n  Bourbon, Duchesse de, 302\n\n  Bourlier, Bishop of Evreux, 311\n\n  Bourrienne, L. de, 30, 31, 61, 155, 226, 228, 229, 230, 237, 239\n\n  Boyer (French general, \"Pierre le Cruel\"), 196\n\n  Brizzi, 89\n\n  Brock, General, 187\n\n  Brotonne, L. de, 190, 238, 260, 310\n\n  Browning, Oscar, 47\n\n  Bruix, Admiral, 232\n\n  Brune, Marshal, 34, 41, 43, 49, 57, 118, 221\n\n  Brunswick, Duke of, 245\n\n  Brutus, 294\n\n  Bulow, General von, 192, 194, 196\n\n  Burdett-Coutts, Mr., 218\n\n  Burke, Edmund, 38\n\n  Buxhowden, General, 72, 90\n\n  Byron, Lord, 183, 314\n\n  \"B----\" (probably Bourrienne), 60, 175\n\n\n  Cabarrus, M. de, 248\n\n  Cadoudal, Georges (Vendeen chief and conspirator), 57\n\n  Caesar, Julius, 232, 281, 286, 293\n\n  Calder, Sir Robert, 63\n\n  Cambaceres, Arch-Chancellor, 108, 114, 150, 188, 192, 236, 269, 271,\n        281,\n  284, 291, 292, 293, 296, 300, 302, 303, 310\n\n  Campan, Madame, 191, 242\n\n  Caracci, 209\n\n  Carnot (member of the Directory and \"organiser of victory\"), 200, 204,\n        205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 217, 223\n\n  Castanos, General, Duke of Baylen, 136\n\n  Cathcart, Lord, 188\n\n  Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza, 1, 270, 315.\n\n  Cesarotti, 199\n\n  Chabot, 219\n\n  Chabran, 219\n\n  Chambry, M., 58\n\n  Champagny, De (Duc de Cadore), 153, 262, 270, 271, 292, 298, 302\n\n  Championnet, General, 42\n\n  Charlemagne, 234, 296\n\n  Charles, Archduke, 19, 25, 34, 38, 42, 46, 66, 68, 143, 144, 145, 149,\n        242, 279, 280, 282, 284, 304\n\n  Charles, Prince. (_See_ Charles, Archduke)\n\n  Charles XII., 185. (_See_ Sweden, King of)\n\n  Chauvet, 7, 199, 200\n\n  Chimay, Prince de, 248\n\n  Clarke, General, 196, 210, 221, 291, 292\n\n  Clary, Desiree. (_See_ Bernadotte, Desiree).\n\n  Coburg, Prince of, 270\n\n  Cockburn, Admiral, 191\n\n  Colburn, 229\n\n  Colombier, Mlle. du, 224\n\n  Conches, Baron Feuillet de, 13\n\n  Constant, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 254, 265, 267, 268, 284, 292, 293,\n        294, 296\n\n  Corbineau, Constant (one of three brothers, known as les trois Horaces),\n        98, 99, 256\n\n  Corneille, 241\n\n  Cornelia, 312\n\n  Cornwallis, Lord, 41\n\n  Correggio, 205, 209\n\n  Corvisart, Baron, 52, 153, 233, 293, 305, 315\n\n  Courland, Duchess of, 270\n\n  Crassus, 185\n\n  Cretet, Count, 292\n\n  Cromwell, Oliver, 298\n\n  Czartoriski, Prince, 241\n\n\n  Dahlmann, General, 98, 256\n\n  Dantzic, Duke of. (_See_ Lefebvre, Marshal)\n\n  Darius, 185\n\n  Darmagnac, General, 98\n\n  Darmstadt, Prince of, 270\n\n  Daru, Count, 256, 257\n\n  David, King, 262\n\n  Davidowich, Baron (Austrian General), 27, 30\n\n  Davoust, Marshal, 44, 57, 69, 80, 81, 84, 89, 143, 187, 246, 247, 255,\n        282, 292, 293\n\n  Decazes, Duke, 269\n\n  Decres, Vice-Admiral, Minister of Marine, 225, 254, 256\n\n  Delille, Abbe, 190\n\n  Desaix, General, 14, 41, 42, 44, 46, 290\n\n  Despinois, General, 215\n\n  Dessalines (\"James I.\"), of Hayti, 60\n\n  Didot, 172\n\n  Dietrich, Mdme. de, 240\n\n  Don Carlos, Infant, 126\n\n  Ducrest, Madame, 311, 317, 318\n\n  Duesberg (botanist), 225\n\n  Dumas, Matthieu, Count (General and historian), 255, 257, 258\n\n  Duphot, General, 38\n\n  Dupont, General, 65, 69, 101, 128, 267\n\n  Dupuis, 104, 260\n\n  Dupuy, 219\n\n  Durand, Madame, 301\n\n  Duroc, Marshal, 191, 228, 230, 252, 270, 275, 291\n\n\n  Edward, the Black Prince, 222\n\n  Elchingen, Duke of. (_See_ Ney, Marshal)\n\n  \"Eleanore,\" 252\n\n  Enghien, Duc d', 57, 236, 276\n\n  England, King George II. of, 43\n  ----  King George III. of, 43, 46, 64, 70, 218, 223, 238\n\n  Esteve (General Treasurer of the Crown), 161\n\n  Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 286\n\n  Eugenie, Empress, 256\n  ----  Hortense, Princess, 277\n\n  Evreux, Count d', 302\n\n\n  Faipoult, Citizen, 204\n\n  Ferdinand, Archduke, 143, 147, 279\n  ----  Prince of Asturias (afterwards Ferdinand VII.), 118, 123, 125, 126,\n        127, 128, 194, 195, 196, 266, 268, 269\n\n  Fesch, Cardinal, 302\n\n  Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 41\n\n  Fontanes, Marquis de, 302\n\n  Fouche (de Nantes, Duke of Otranto), 236, 259, 261, 262, 274, 275,\n        276, 277, 279, 292, 294, 295, 297, 302, 306\n\n  Fox, C. J., 77\n\n  Foy, General, 191, 196\n\n  Francis II., Emperor of Austria (and Germany), 71, 77, 128, 291, 310,\n        311\n\n  Franck, Doctor, 289\n\n  Frederick the Great, 67, 249, 283, 286\n\n  Frederick I. (Duke, Elector, and King of Wurtemberg), 238\n\n  Frederick William II., 38. (_See_ Prussia, King of)\n\n  Frederick William III., 38. (_See_ Prussia, King of)\n\n  Friand, General, 185\n\n  Fulton, Robert, 235\n\n\n  Gaudin, Duke of Gaeta, 292\n\n  Genlis, Mdme. de, 318\n\n  George II. (_See_ England, King of)\n\n  George III. (_See_ England, King of)\n\n  Georges. (_See_ Cadoudal)\n\n  Germany, Emperor of. (_See_ Austria, Emperor of)\n\n  Gillray, James, 248\n\n  Giraudin, Stanislaus, 261\n\n  Godoy, Don Manuel, Prince of the Peace, 77, 123, 125\n\n  Goethe, J. W. Von, 177, 270\n\n  Gohier, Louis (member of the Directory), 43\n\n  Graham, Colonel, 35, 192, 214, 215\n\n  Gros, Baron (artist), 220, 221\n\n  Guesclin, Bertrand du, 235\n\n\n  Hamilton, Lady, 249\n\n  Harpe, General La. (_See_ Laharpe, General)\n\n  Harville, M. d', 70\n\n  Hatzfeld, Princess d', 83, 249\n\n  Haugwitz, Count von, 71\n\n  Hautpoult, General, 255\n\n  Haydn, Joseph, 74, 90\n\n  Heath, Baron, 60\n\n  Hedouville, General, 42, 92\n\n  Henri IV., 296\n\n  Hiller, General, 282, 284\n\n  Hoche, General Lazare, 34, 38, 209, 218\n\n  Hofer, Andreas, 146\n\n  Hohenlohe, Prince, 81\n\n  Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Prince of, 277\n\n  Holland, King of. (_See_ Bonaparte, Louis)\n  ----  Queen of. (_See_ Beauharnais, Hortense)\n\n  Homer, 199\n\n  Hood, Robin, 39\n\n  Humbert, General, 41\n\n  Humboldt, Baron von, 226\n\n  Hume, Martin, 267\n\n  Hutchinson, General, 49\n\n\n  Jacquin, Von (Austrian botanist), 225\n\n  Jahn, F. L. (German patriot), 278\n\n  Jeanne of France (Queen of Navarre), 304\n\n  Jellachich, General, 70, 145\n\n  Joan of Arc, 294\n\n  John, Archduke, 144, 147, 287, 290, 291\n  ----  King of France, 222\n\n  Johnson, Dr., vi., 208\n\n  Jomini, Baron (Swiss strategist), 192, 194, 204, 206, 211, 213, 214,\n        218\n\n  Joseph. (_See_ Bonaparte, Joseph)\n\n  Josephine Maximilienne Auguste, 106\n\n  Joubert, General, 34, 35, 42, 43, 219, 220\n\n  Jouberthon, Madame (wife of Lucien), 266\n\n  Jourdan, Marshal, 11, 20, 25,42, 57, 191, 217\n\n  Julian, Emperor, 185\n\n  Julien, Mlle., 153\n\n  Jung, Thomas (or Iung), 228, 230, 251\n\n  Junot (Duc d'Abrantes), 9, 10, 42, 118, 128, 200, 212, 230, 231, 241,\n        261\n\n\n  Kalkreuth, Count (Russian Field-Marshal), 79\n\n  Kaunitz, Prince, 71\n\n  Keith, Lord, 46\n\n  Kellerman, Marshal (Duke of Valmy), 19, 57, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210,\n        214, 217\n\n  Kellermann, General, 46\n\n  Kilmaine, General, 19, 27, 215, 220\n\n  King. (_See_ Bonaparte, Joseph), 136\n\n  Kipling, R., 129\n\n  Kleber, General, 19, 20, 42, 43, 46, 290\n\n  Klein, General, 20\n\n  Kleist, 192\n\n  Kourakin, Alexander, 138, 274\n\n  Kray, Baron von (Austrian General), 42, 43, 44, 46\n\n  Kutusoff, General (Prince of Smolensk), 188, 189\n\n\n  Labedoyere, Madame, 231\n\n  La Bruyere, 20\n\n  Lacepede, Count de, 189, 296\n\n  La Fontaine, 316\n\n  Lagrange (mathematician), 190\n\n  La Grassini, 223, 224, 228\n\n  Laharpe, General, 10, 200, 210\n\n  Lannes, Marshal (Duke of Montebello), 9, 45, 46, 57, 68, 69, 78, 80, 90,\n        136, 143, 145, 147, 219, 275, 289, 290, 291\n\n  Lanusse, General Francois, 219\n\n  Larevelliere-Lepeaux (Member of the Directory), 38, 43, 217\n\n  Larochefoucauld, Mdme. de, 234, 250\n\n  La Romana (Spanish General), 136, 138\n\n  Lasalle, General, 149, 291\n\n  Las Cases, Count de, 117, 207, 224, 229, 232, 259\n\n  Latouche-Treville, Admiral, 235\n\n  Latour, Von, Count (Austrian General), 29\n\n  Laudon (Austrian General), 65\n\n  Lauriston, General, 147, 192, 193, 229, 256, 270\n\n  Lavalette, Count de, 220, 221, 276, 299\n  ----  Madame, 226, 227, 231\n\n  Lebrun (statesman, Duke of Placentia), 71, 302\n  ----  (the poet), 243\n\n  Leclerc, General, 50\n\n  Lecombe, General, 43\n\n  Lefebvre-Desnouettes, General, 139, 275\n\n  Lefebvre, Marshal, 57, 111, 112, 135, 145\n\n  Lejeune, Baron, 240, 252, 254, 257, 274, 275, 281, 282, 283, 303, 304\n\n  Lemarois, General, 67, 239, 256\n\n  \"Leon,\" 252\n\n  Lestocq, General, 255\n\n  Letourneur (Member of the Directory), 198, 201\n\n  Leyen, Amelie de la, 305\n  ----  Princess de la, 171, 308\n\n  Liverpool, Lord, 186\n\n  Livia (wife of Augustus), 228\n\n  Louis, Archduke, 143\n\n  Louis XI., 52\n\n  Louis XII., 296\n\n  Louis XV., 267\n\n  Louis XVI., 230\n\n  Louis XVIII. (_See_ Angouleme, Duc d')\n\n  Lucca, Eliza Bonaparte, Princess of, 265\n\n  Lynedoch, Lord. (_See_ Graham, Col.)\n\n  L----, Mdme. (_See_ Larochefoucauld, Mdme. de)\n\n\n  Macdonald, Marshal, 41, 42, 145, 147, 150, 192, 196, 287, 292\n\n  Mack, General, 41, 64, 66, 239, 246\n\n  Macpherson, James, 199\n\n  Madison, President, 143, 190\n\n  Maelzel, Leonard (German mechanic), 292\n\n  Mahmoud IV., 128, 136\n\n  Mahomet, 52\n\n  Makau, Madame de, 175, 176, 307, 309\n\n  Malet, General, 188, 189\n\n  \"Maman\" (Madame Mere, mother of Napoleon), 45, 50, 224, 227\n\n  Marbot, Baron, 187, 267, 274, 275, 283, 284, 288, 290, 291\n\n  Marchesi (artiste), 224\n\n  Marescalchi, 303\n\n  Marest, M. de, 213\n\n  Maret (Duc de Bassano), 57, 67, 187, 189, 270, 271, 292, 302, 304\n\n  Marie Antoinette, 230, 249\n\n  Marie Louise, 157, 164, 165, 167, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 197, 271,\n        296, 298, 301, 302, 304, 306, 310, 312, 314, 315\n\n  Marie Therese, 284, 285, 320\n\n  Marie Victoire, Infanta, 267\n\n  Marmont, Marshal, 69, 150, 187, 196, 197, 198, 207, 210, 211, 222, 248,\n        292, 315\n\n  Masaniello, 52\n\n  Massena, Marshal (Duke of Rivoli), 24, 28, 34, 35, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46,\n        57, 66, 68, 69, 71, 77, 144, 174, 180, 200, 205, 213, 215, 220,\n        221, 223, 238, 282, 290, 292\n\n  Masson, M. Frederic, 61, 224, 239, 242, 247, 250, 252, 296, 297, 303,\n        305, 307, 309, 312, 313, 317, 318\n\n  Maximilian, Archduke, 285\n\n  Meerfeldt or Meerveldt, Count von, 69, 145\n\n  Melas, General, 43, 46, 224\n\n  Melito, Count Miot de, 246\n\n  Melville, Lord, 277\n\n  Menage, Gilles (scholar), 213\n\n  Menard, 219\n\n  Meneval, Baron de, 229, 232, 237, 239, 244, 246, 254, 255, 264, 283,\n        289, 295, 296, 297\n\n  Menou, General Baron de, 49\n\n  Merlin (member of the Directory), 43\n\n  Metternich, Prince, 153, 275\n  ----   Madame de, 300\n\n  Michael Angelo, 205\n\n  Michaud, L. G., 162, 231, 264, 277\n\n  Michelet, Jules (historian), 212\n\n  Michot (actor), 229\n\n  Miollis, Adjutant-General, 24\n\n  Modena, Duke of, 11\n\n  Moltke, Von, 271\n\n  Moncey, Marshal, 57\n\n  Monclas, 26\n\n  Monnier, General J. C., 43\n\n  Montaigne, Michel de, 315\n\n  Montebello, Duke of. (_See_ Lannes, Marshal)\n\n  Montebello, Duchess of (La Marechale Lannes), 145, 147, 289\n\n  Montesquiou, Madame de, 175\n\n  Montgaillard, l'Abbe de (historian), 38, 42, 43, 52, 66, 90, 128, 137,\n        144, 162, 185, 191, 193, 286\n\n  Montholon, Count de, 255\n\n  Moore, Sir John, 143, 273, 275, 277\n\n  Morbach, Colonel, 318\n\n  Moreau, General, 14, 19, 20, 25, 29, 30, 38, 43, 44, 46, 57, 188, 192,\n        205, 217, 223, 279\n\n  Mortier, Marshal, 57, 69, 84, 153, 179, 188, 196, 224\n\n  Moscati, 36, 37\n\n  Moulin, General (member of the Directory), 43\n\n  Mourad Bey, 41, 42\n\n  Moustache, 44, 114, 115, 140\n\n  Mueller (Swiss historian), 270\n\n  Murat, King of Naples, 9, 16, 22, 23, 45, 46, 57, 64, 66, 69, 79, 81,\n        83, 86, 97. 99, 125, 127, 128, 148, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 211,\n        212, 219, 224, 235, 240, 254, 265, 269, 270, 276, 287, 298, 302,\n        303\n  ----  Madame Caroline, Queen of Naples, 99, 158, 190, 235, 252, 254, 261,\n        290, 298\n\n  Mustapha IV., 112\n\n  \"M----,\" 45. (See \"Maman\")\n\n\n  Napier, Sir William, 123, 141, 275, 277, 278\n\n  Naples, King of. (_See_ Bonaparte, Joseph)\n\n  Napoleon Charles Bonaparte (eldest son of Hortense), 53, 79, 80, 81, 82,\n        84. 89, 93, 110, 137, 228, 247\n\n  Napoleon Louis (second son of Hortense). (_See_ Berg, Grand Duke of)\n\n  Napoleons (\"the two\"), sons of Hortense and Louis, 68, 79, 80, 84, 86,\n        90, 151, 174\n\n  Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoleon, third son of Hortense), 127, 238,\n        269, 303, 307\n\n  Nassau, Prince of, 270\n\n  Necker, M., 224\n\n  Nelson, Lord, 41, 49\n\n  Nero, Emperor, 236\n\n  Ney, Marshal (Prince of the Moskowa), 20, 52, 53, 57, 64, 65, 69, 83,\n        88, 90, 173, 187, 188, 189, 192, 231, 239, 255\n  ----, Madame, 231, 304\n\n  Nicolas, Sir Harris (historian), 74\n\n\n  O'Donnell (Spanish General), 181\n\n  O'Meara, Dr., 272\n\n  Oscar, Prince (son of Bernadotte), 106\n\n  Ossian, 4, 199\n\n  Oudet, General, 279\n\n  Oudinot, Marshal, Duke of Reggio, 143, 150, 187, 189, 192, 196, 270,\n        292\n\n  Ouvrard (financier), 248\n\n\n  Paer, Ferdinando (musical composer), 89, 91, 242\n\n  Paget, Lord, 293\n\n  Palafox y Melzi, Duke of Saragossa, 136\n\n  Palatine, The Archduke (Joseph-Antoine of Hungary), 148\n\n  Palmerston, Lord, 272\n\n  Paoli, General de, 209\n\n  Parma, Grand Duke of, 11, 204\n\n  Pasquier, E. D., Duke, 162, 253, 268, 270, 276, 281\n\n  Paterson, Miss (repudiated wife of Jerome Bonaparte), 301\n\n  Paul, Princess, 70\n\n  Paul I. (_See_ Russia, Czar of)\n\n  Pauline. (_See_ Borghese, Princess)\n\n  Pavon, 226\n\n  Pelet, General and Baron, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 290\n\n  Perceval, Spencer (British Premier), 185\n\n  Perignon, Marshal, 57\n\n  Perigord, Edmond de, 270\n\n  Permon, Madame (mother of Madame D'Abrantes), 230\n\n  Philip Augustus, King of France, 296\n\n  Philippon, General, 185\n\n  Pichegru, General, 57\n\n  Pignatelli, Prince of Strongoli, and Minister of Ferdinand, King of\n        Naples, 21\n\n  Pijon, General, 219\n\n  Pitt, William, 77\n\n  Pius VI., Pope, 14, 37, 41, 43, 195, 206, 210, 211, 218, 222\n\n  Pius VII., Pope, 49, 52, 60, 148, 186, 189, 190, 225, 237, 300, 301\n\n  Pompadour, Madame de, 302, 320\n\n  Poniatowski, Prince, and Marshal of France, 193\n\n  Portugal, Prince Regent of, 125 ---- Queen of, 125\n\n  Pradt, Abbe de, 277\n\n  Primate, The Prince, 270\n\n  Prince Regent, 226. (_See_ George IV.)\n\n  Princess, 121. (_See_ Beauharnais, Auguste)\n\n  Provera (Austrian General), 34, 35\n\n  Prussia, Frederick William II., King of, 38\n  ----  Frederick William III., King of, 38, 64, 67, 78, 79, 114, 116,\n        143, 191, 197, 236, 240, 245, 249, 270, 271, 315\n  ----  Louise, Queen of, 79, 116, 117, 143, 245, 248, 249\n  ----  Prince Louis of, 78\n  ----  Prince William of, 270\n\n  P----, Madame de, 106\n\n\n  Quesdonowich (Austrian General), 24\n\n\n  Racine, 241\n\n  Rampon, Colonel, 9, 219\n\n  Raphael, 209\n\n  Rapp, Count, 194, 226, 227, 285, 294, 295\n\n  Raynouard (author), 241\n\n  Redcliffe, Stratford de, 186\n\n  Regnauld, Count (State Secretary of the Imperial Court), 296\n\n  Remusat, Madame de, 222, 237, 239, 298, 301, 307, 308, 310, 311\n\n  Renard, Madame Chateau, 6, 8, 10\n\n  Renaudin, Madame de, 216\n\n  Rewbell (member of the Directory), 38\n\n  Reynier, General, 77, 193, 292\n\n  Rheims, Mayoress of, 233\n\n  Richard Coeur de Lion, 284\n\n  Richmond, Madame, 99\n\n  Rivoli, Duc de, 35. (_See_ Massena)\n\n  Rochefoucauld. (_See_ Larochefoucauld, Mdme. de)\n\n  Roger-Ducos (member of the Directory), 43\n\n  Rollo the Sea King, 304\n\n  Rome, King of (Napoleon II.), \"l'Aiglon,\" 179, 268, 311, 313\n\n  Rosebery, Lord, 234, 276, 315\n\n  Rose, J. H., 214, 215\n\n  Rostopchin, Count and General, 188\n\n  Ruiz, 226\n\n  Russia, Alexander I., Emperor of, 67, 71, 115, 116, 131, 132, 143, 179,\n        185, 188, 190, 191, 197, 241, 243, 249, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272,\n        303\n  ----  Catherine II., Czarina of, 30\n  ----  Paul I., Czar of, 49\n\n\n  Sacken, General, 195, 196\n\n  Saint Amand, Imbert de, 4, 172, 199, 212, 221, 223, 243, 245, 251, 256,\n        257, 267, 269, 302, 304, 307, 308, 312\n\n  Saint Cyr, Gouvion, Marquis and Marshal, 20, 43, 187, 188, 193\n\n  Saint-Hilaire, General, 219\n\n  Saliceti, C., 213\n\n  Sardinia, King of, 205\n\n  Sarrazin, General, 133\n\n  Sauret, General, 24, 213, 215\n\n  Savary (Duc de Rovigo), 99, 108, 125, 158, 165, 239, 241, 246, 251, 258,\n        271, 272, 274, 276, 277, 292, 294, 297\n\n  Saxe-Hildburghausen, Princess of, 238\n\n  Saxony, Elector, then King of, 89, 117, 270\n\n  Saxe-Weimar, Prince of, 270, 271\n  ----  Princess of, 270\n\n  Scherer, General (French), 42, 198\n\n  Schwartzenberg, Marshal, 192, 193, 194, 300, 303, 308\n\n  Scott, Sir Walter, 208, 222, 277\n\n  Sebastiani, General, 272\n\n  Segur, General Count, 241\n\n  Selim III., 112\n\n  Serbelloni, M., 216\n\n  Serent, Madame de, 70\n\n  Serrurier, Marshal, 25, 57, 215\n\n  Sevigne, Madame de, 260\n\n  Shakespeare, 249\n\n  Sieyes, Abbe and Count (member of the Directory), 42\n\n  Smith, Sir Sydney, 60\n\n  Soult, Marshal, Duke of Dalmatia, 57, 65, 79, 83, 113, 114, 136, 139,\n        143, 145, 150, 151, 164, 179, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 229,\n        270, 275, 278, 292\n\n  Spain, Charles II. of, and his Queen, 267\n  ----  Charles IV., King of, 112, 118, 123, 125, 126, 127, 228\n  ----  Queen of (mother of Ferdinand VII.), 118, 126, 127, 268\n  ----  Queen of (wife of Joseph), 313\n\n  Stabs, 294\n\n  Stadion, Count von (Austrian diplomatist), 278\n\n  Stael, Madame de, Holstein, 310\n\n  Stein, Baron Von, 278\n\n  Stephanie. (See Beauharnais)\n\n  Stevenson, R. L., 298\n\n  Stuart, Marie, 249\n\n  Suchet, Marshal (Duke of Albufera), 148, 170, 180, 181, 185, 186, 191,\n        192, 193\n\n  Sullivan, Sir A., 249\n\n  Sussi, 6\n\n  Suwarrow, Marshal, 42, 43\n\n  Sweden, Charles XII., King of, 185\n  ----  Charles XIII., King of, 147\n  ----  Gustavus Adolphus IV., King of, 143, 243\n\n\n  Talleyrand-Perigord, Prince, 38, 52, 67, 68, 79, 81, 121, 197, 225,\n        233, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 245, 246, 260, 268, 270, 271,\n        272, 275, 276, 277, 279, 300, 302, 303, 314\n\n  Tallien, \"Thermidorian,\" 7, 237, 247, 254\n  ----  Madame (Princesse de Chimay), 6, 7, 8, 15, 82, 198, 247, 248\n\n  Talma, 270\n\n  Tamerlane, 272\n\n  Tascher, Louis, 98, 114, 137, 171, 256, 305\n  ----  Henri, 305\n\n  Tasso, 245\n\n  Tennant, Charles, 13, 45\n\n  Thiard, M. de, 106, 243, 260\n\n  Thibaut, M., 225\n\n  Thiers, M. (statesman), 265, 273, 275, 296, 302\n\n  Tolly, Barclay de, 187, 188\n\n  Tolstoi, Count, 274\n\n  Tone, Wolfe, 41\n\n  Tour and Taxis, Princess of, 270, 278\n\n  Toussaint-Louverture, 49, 50, 53\n\n  Treilhard, Count (member of the Directory), 43\n\n  Tremoille, Princess de la, 309, 310\n\n  Treves, Elector of, 65\n\n  Tschitchagow, Admiral, 188\n\n  Turenne, M. de, 116\n  ----  Marshal, 286\n\n  Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 216\n\n  T----, Madame, 24. (Probably Madame Tallien)\n\n  T----, Madame de la, 175. (_See_ Tremoille)\n\n  T----, 60. (Probably Talleyrand)\n\n  T----, 96. (Probably Tallien)\n\n  T----, de, 106. (_See_ Thiard, M. de)\n\n  T----, 237. (_See_ Tallien)\n\n\n  Valerian, Emperor, 185\n\n  Vandamme, General, 86, 92, 192\n\n  Van Dyck, 209\n\n  Varin, Regnault, 317\n\n  Vaubois, General, 16, 27, 30, 31, 46, 220\n\n  Verhuell, Admiral, 269\n\n  Veronese, Paul, 209\n\n  Victoire, Marie, 267. (_See_ Marie)\n\n  Victor, Marshal, 35, 136, 143, 150, 219\n\n  Villars, Marshal, 43\n\n  Villeneuve, Admiral, 63\n\n  Vincent, General, 270\n\n  Virgil, 21, 212\n\n\n\n  Walewski, Marie, 250, 252, 253, 293\n\n  Washington, George, 43, 223\n\n  Wattier, General, 176\n\n  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 128, 145, 150, 174, 176, 180,\n        185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 196, 197, 278, 290, 291, 292\n\n  Westphalia, King of. (_See_ Bonaparte, Jerome)\n\n  Wieland, C. M., 270\n\n  Wilhelmina, Princess, 236. (_See_ Baden, Princess of)\n\n  William I., Emperor of Germany, 245, 315\n\n  Windham, William (British Secretary at War), 213\n\n  Wittgenstein, General and Count, 187, 188, 192\n\n  Woodward (and Cates), 74\n\n  Wrede, Marshal (Bavarian Marshal), 193\n\n  Wurmser, Marshal, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 38, 213, 214, 215, 216,\n        217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224\n\n  Wurtemberg, Duke of, 64, 68, 77\n  ----  Electress of, 64, 70, 238\n  ----  King of, 242, 270, 295\n  ----  Prince Royal of, 196\n\n  Wuerzburg, Grand Duke of, 78, 244\n\n\n  Xenophon, 205\n\n  Xerxes, 281\n\n\n  York, Duke of, 43\n  ----  General von, 189, 195\n\n\n  Zingarelli, N. (musician), 242\n\n\nTHE END\n\n\n  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.\n  Edinburgh & London",
    "author": "Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "recipient": "Josephine",
    "source": "Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812",
    "period": "1796–1812"
  }
]